codnis gamoyeneba sazogadoebaSi
F. A. Hayek
(Targmna daTo xanTaZem)
rogor CamovayalibebdiT problemas, romlis gadawyvetac gvsurs racionaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis damkvidrebiT? cnobili daSvebebisas pasuxi martivia: Tu srulad vflobT informacias, Tu SegviZlia amovideT preferenciebis mocemuli sistemidan da Tu vflobT srulyofil codnas arsebuli saSualebebis Sesaxeb, maSin gadasawyveti mxolod logikuri xasiaTis problema dagvrCeba. Sesabamisad, pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu raSi mdgomareobs arsebuli saSualebebis saukeTeso gamoyeneba, nagulisxmebia Cvensave daSvebebSi. pirobebi, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes optimaluri mdgomareobis miRweva, srulyofilad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes maTematikuri formiT, anu _ nebismieri ori saxis saqonlis an sawarmoo faqtoris Canacvlebis zRvruli norma (the marginal rates of substitution) erTi da igive unda iyos maTi nebismieri gamoyenebisas.
magram aris ki es sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari ekonomikuri problema? am kiTxvaze pasuxi iqneba emfatikuri ara. zemoxsenebuli logikuri problemis gadasawyvetad SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri kalkulacia, marTalia, mniSvnelovani nabijia sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problemis mogvarebis gzaze, magram ar warmoadgens sakuTriv problemis gadawyvetas. mizezi ki imaSia, rom “monacemebi”, rasac efuZneba ekonomikuri kalkulacia, mTeli sazogadoebis masStabiT arasodes aris “mocemuli” kerZo gonisaTvis, romelic SeZlebda yvela SesaZlo Sedegis ganWvretas da verc iqneba am saxiT mocemuli.
racionaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis problemis Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia swored imiT, rom garemoebebis codna, romelic Cven unda gamoviyenoT, ar arsebobs koncentrirebuli an integrirebuli saxiT, aramed mxolod rogorc gafantuli, mcire nawilebi arasruli da xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi codnisa, romelsac flobs TviTeuli individi. Sedegad sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problema moicavs ara marto “mocemuli” resursebis gadanawilebas _ Tuki “mocemuli” niSnavs mocemuls kerZo gonisaTvis, romelic arsebuli “monacemebidan” gamomdinare meTodurad, maTi analizis Sedegad wyvets problemebs. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problema pirvel rigSi imis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor uzrunvelvyoT sociumis TiToeuli wevrisaTvis cnobili resursis optimaluri gamoyeneba im miznebisaTvis, romelTa SedarebiTi faseuloba mxolod aRniSnuli individebisTvisaa cnobili. anu _ rogor unda moxdes codnis gamoyeneba, romelsac erTianad aravin flobs. fundamenturi problemis aRniSnuli aspeqti, vSiSob, ara Tu cxadi da gasagebi, aramed ufro bundovani gaxada dRevandelma rafinirebulma ekonomikurma Teoriebma, gansakuTrebiT ki maTematikis intensiurma gamoyenebam. Tumca, problema, romelsac pirvel rigSi minda Sevexo, ekonomikuri sistemis racionalur mowyobas ukavSirdeba, magram msjelobisas kvlav da kvlav momiwevs mivaniSno garkveul meTodur sakiTxebTan mis mWidro kavSirze. mravali mosazreba, romlebzec vapireb saubars, warmoadgens daskvnebs, romelTa argumentaciis procesSi moxda dasabuTebis sxvadasxva gzebis moulodneli Tanxvedra. magram, rogorc axla vxedav aRniSnul problemebs, saqme SemTxveviTobasTan ar unda gvqondes. meCveneba, rom ekonomikur Teoriasa da ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebuli mravali uTanxmoeba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problemis araswori gagebidan gamomdinareobs. es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia socialur fenomenze azrovnebis im Cvevebis araswori gadataniT, romelic Cven bunebis fenomenebTan mimarTebaSi SevimuSaveT.
II
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sityva “dagegmviT” avRniSnavT urTierTdakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis erTobliobas romelic exeba Cvens xelT arsebuli resursebis gadanawilebas. am gagebiT, nebismieri ekonomikuri saqmianoba dagegmvas warmoadgens; da nebismier sazogadoebaSi, sadac mravali adamiani TanamSromlobs, xsenebuli dagegmva, vinc ar unda axorcielebdes mas, garkveuli xarisxiT unda daefuZnos codnas, romelsac, dasawyisSi ara damgegmavi, aramed sxva flobs da rogorme mis, anu damgemavis gankargulebaSi unda aRmoCndes. is gansxvavebuli gzebi, romlis meSveobiTac im codnis komunikacia xdeba razec adamianebi sakuTar gegmebs afuZneben, umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens nebismier TeoriisaTvis, romelic ekonomikuri procesis axsnas cdilobs. qmediTi ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmna calkeul adamianebs Soris gafantuli codnis optimaluri gamoyenebis safuZvelze ekonomokuri politikis erT-erT mTavar, Tu ara umTavres, sirTules warmoadgens.
pasuxi aRniSnul kiTxvaze mWidro kavSirSia aseve am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul Semdeg kiTxvasTan: vin unda ganaxorcielos dagegmva? es ki swored is kiTxvaa, romelic qmnis “ekonomikuri dagegmvis” problemis birTvs. diskusiis sagans warmoadgens ara dagegmvis aucilebloba, aramed Tu vin unda ganaxorcielos igi _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebam, centralurad, mTeli ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis, Tu mravalma calkeulma individma. dagegmva Tanamedrove diskusiaSi mxolod centralur dagegmvas niSnavs, anu mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis gaZRolas erTiani gegmis mixedviT. konkurencia, meores mxriv, niSnavs (decentralur) dagegmvas calkeuli individis mier. or ukanasknels Soris kompromiss warmoadgens, da, razec bevri saubrobs, Tumca cotas Tu uxaria misi xilva, dagegmvis delegireba warmoebis organizebuli dargebisaTvis, anu igive monopolia.
sistemis efeqturobas gansazRvravs is, Tu romel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba velodoT arsebuli codnis srul gamoyenebas. anu _ ras ufro SevZlebT: centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis mTliani codna gadacemas, Tu individebis im damatebiTi informaciiT uzrunvelyofas, romelic maT sakuTari gegmebis sxvebis gegmebze morgebisTvis esaWiroebaT.
III
zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis specialuri codna; Sesabamisad, pasuxi kiTxvaze damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba gaaCnia TiToeul maTgans; erTi mxriv, savaraudod, calkeuli individebis gankargulebaSi arsebul codnas da meore mxriv codnas, romelsac, savaraudod, flobs Sesabamisi eqspertebisgan Semdgari saxelisuflebo struqtura. gabatonebuli Sexeduleba am ukanasknelis upiratesobis Sesaxeb ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mecnierul codnas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sazogadoebis TvalSi, imdenad, rom xSirad gvaviwydeba _ igi ar aris codnis erTaderTi mniSvnelovani saxeoba. SeiZleba vaRiaroT, rom roca saqme mecnierul codnas exeba, swored SerCeuli eqspertebi floben am saxis saukeTeso codnas – Tumca es mosazreba mTeli simZimis mxolod eqspertebis SerCevis proceduraze gadatanas gulisxmobs. amiT imis Tqma msurs, rom aRniSnuli problemis warmatebiT gadawyvetis SemTxvevaSic ki, igi didi problemis mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgens.
mosazreba, rom mecnieruli codna mTliani codnis jams ar warmoadgens dResdReobiT TiTqmis mkrexelobad iTvleba. magram mcireodeni analizic ki gvarwmunebs, rom ueWvelad arsebobs, Tumca araorganizebuli, magram uaRresad mniSvnelovani codnis saxeoba, romelsac ver vuwodebT mecnieruls zogadi wesebis codnis mniSvnelobiT _ es aris drois da adgilis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis codna. swored am saxis codna aniWebs upiratesobas praqtikulad yovel individs sxvebTan mimarTebaSi, radgan igi flobs unikalur informacias, romlis optimaluri gamoyeneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu am informaciaze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba moxdeba mis mier, an misi aqtiuri TanamSromlobiT. Cven mxolod unda gavixsenoT, Tu ramdeni ramis swavla gvixdeba nebismier profesiis dauflebisas, mas Semdeg rac davamTavrebT Teoriuli ganaTlebis kurss, Cveni profesiuli cxovrebis raoden did nawils vuTmobT konkretuli saqmianobis dauflebas da ramdenad mniSvnelovania nebismier profesiaSi adamianebis, adgilobrivi pirobebis da konkretuli garemoebebis codna _ vflobdeT da viyenebdeT informacias manqanis Sesaxeb, romelic bolomde ar aris datvirTuli, an vinmes unaris Sesaxeb, romlis gamoyeneba ukeTaa SesaZlebeli, an vflobdeT informacias saqonlis arsebuli maragis Sesaxeb, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia momaragebis Seferxebisas, sazogadoebisaTvis imdenadve sasargebloa, ramdenadac sxvadasxva meTodebis codna. da tvirTis gamgzavni, romelic sarCo-sabadebels carieli an naxevrad savse gemis mogzaurobis sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyenebiT Soulobs, an uZravi qonebiT movaWre, romlis codnac mxolod swrafad cvalebadi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebaSi Tu mdgomareobs, an arbitrageur, romelic mogebas saTamasuqo kursis lokaluri gansxvavebebis optimaluri gamoyenebiT naxulobs – yvela zemoxsenebuli piri aSkarad sasargeblo funqcias asrulebs, rac efuZneba swored mimdinare momentis specifikur codnas, romelic sxvebisaTvis ucnobi rCeba.
ucnauria, rom am saxis codnas dRes, zogadad erTgvari amreziT uyureben da adamianis qceva, romelic upiratesobas Teoriuli, an teqnikuri codniT ukeT aRWurvil pirze aseTi specifikuri codnis meSveobiT aRwevs, TiTqmis saZraxisadaa miCneuli. komunikaciis an transportis saSualebebiT upiratesobis miRweva xandaxan arakeTilsindisierebadac ki miiCneva, Tumca mecnierebis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis mier am sferoSi arsebuli saukeTeso SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnulma mcdarma warmodgenam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba sazogadoebis vaWrobisadmi damokidebuleba, romelic ase gansxvavdeba warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebisagan. TviT ekonomistebic ki, romlebic sakuTar Tavs warsulis mcdari, uxeSi materialisturi warmodgenebisagan Tavisuflad miiCneven, msgavs Secdomas sCadian, roca saqme praqtikul codnas exeba – albaT imitom, rom maT mier saganTa aRqmaSi aseTi saxis codna “mocemulad” miiCneva. gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, aseTi saxis codna sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi unda iyos da arsebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis dadanaSauleba iracionalurobaSi, xSirad imas efuZneba, rom es informacia xelmisawvdomi ar aris. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba uaryofs faqts, rom meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba aseTi saxis codnis maqsimaluri xelmisawvdomoba, swored im problemas warmoadgens, romelze pasuxic Cven unda vipovoT.
IV
dRes-dReobiT drois da adgilis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis codnis mniSvnelobis Semcireba ukavSirdeba cvlilebis, rogorc aseTis, mniSvnelobis dakninebas. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs „damgegmavebis“ daSvebebsa, xSirad mxolod nagulisxmeb, da maTi oponentebis daSvebebs Soris, pirvel rigSi cvlilebebis mniSvnelobas da sixSires exeba, rac aucilebels xdis warmoebis gegmebis arsebiT cvlilebas. ra Tqma unda, Tu ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda, xangrZlivi periodisaTvis, detaluri ekonomikuri gegmebis winaswar Sedgena da SemdgomSi maTi mkacri dacva, ise rom aucilebeli aRar iyos mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, maSin gacilebiT gaadvildeboda yovlismomcveli gegmis SemuSaveba, romelic mTlian ekonomikur saqmianobas moawesrigebda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri problemebi yovelTvis, da mxolod, cvlilebebiT arian ganpirobebuli. sanam mdgomareoba ucvlelia, an Tudnac iseTia, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar warmoiSveba axali problemebi, romlebic gadawyvetas moiTxoven da Sesabamisad ar arsebobs axali gegmebis saWiroeba. rwmena, rom axlandel droSi cvlilebebi, anu gadawyvetilebebis yoveldRiuri, Tundac mcire, koreqtireba, naklebad mniSvnelovania, gulisxmobs, rom ekonomikurma problemebmac, amdenad, dakarges aqtualoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianebi, romlebsac wamT, rom cvlileba naklebad mniSvnelovania, rogorc wesi, imavdroulad amtkiceben, rom ekonomikuri mosazrebebi ukana planze gadaswia teqnologiuri codnis mzardma mniSvnelobam.
marTalia, rom Tanamedrove warmoebis detalurad SemuSavebuli instrumentebi ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas mxolod grZelvadian monakveTSi iTxoven, rogoricaa fabrikis daarseba an axali teqnologiuri procesis SemoReba? marTalia, rom sawarmos dafuZnebis Semdeg yvelaferi danarCeni metnaklebad meqanikuri procesia, romelsac gansazRvravs sawarmos xasiaTi da mis saqmianobaSi cota ram aris Sesacvleli mudmivad cvalebad garemoebebze morgebis mizniT?
gavrcelebuli rwmena, rom yvelaferi marTlac asea, ramdenadac davadgine, ar dasturdeba mewarmis gamocdilebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi konkurentul sawarmoSi – da mxolod aseTi sawarmo SeiZleba iyos CvenTvis saintereso – xarjebis minimalur doneze SeanarCuneba moiTxovs mudmiv brZolas, rasac menejeris energiis udidesi nawili eTmoba. ramdenad iolia uunaro menejerisaTvis im SesaZleblobebis gaflangva, romlebsac mogeba efuZneba da rom SesaZlebelia erTi da igive teqnikuri saSualebebis miuxedavad biznesis gansxvavebuli xarjebiT warmoeba, ekonomikur sferoSi banaluri WeSmaritebaa, rac, rogorc Cans, ekonomistTa samyaroSi adekvatur asaxvas ver poulobs. mwarmoeblebis da inJinrebis mkafiod gamoxatuli survili, neba mieceT, gadawyvetileba mxolod fuladi danaxarjebidan gamomdinare miiRon, naTeli sabuTia imisa, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba aRniSnul faqtorebs yoveldRiuri muSaobisas.
ekonomistebis samyaroSi arsebuli mzardi tendenciis erT-erTi mizezi, daiviwyon mudmivi mcire cvlilebebi, romlebic qmnian ekonomikis mTlian suraTs, savaraudod maT statistikur monacemebisadmi mzard interesSi unda veZioT, radgan maT procesebis denad, swrafad cvlad samyarosTan SedarebiT meti stabiluroba axasiaTebs. statistikuri monacemebis SedarebiTi stabiluroba ar SeiZleba ganimartos – rogorc xandaxan miaCniaT statistikosebs – „didi raodenobis kanoniT“ an swrafi, araprognozirebadi cvlilebebis urTierTkompensaciis meSveobiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi elementTa raodenoba ar aris sakmarisi situaciis stabilizaciisaTvis. saqonlis da momsaxurebis uwyvet miwodebas situaciaze mudmivi morgeba uzrunvelyofs. axali gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic miiReba yoveldRiurad, axali, wina dRiT ucnobi, garemoebebidan gamomdinare, b-s dauyovnebeli CarTviT, roca a-s aRar SeuZlia miwodebis ganxorcieleba. TviT didi da kargad meqanizebuli qarxanac ki ZiriTadad imitom agrZelebs funqciobas, rom mis irgvliv arsebobs garemo, romelic exmareba nebismieri moulodneli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi; aris es kramiti, sakancelario sagnebi, Tu sxva aTasgvari saxis aRWurviloba, romelsac sawarmo TviTon ver awarmoebs, magram misi funqciobisaTvis aucilebelia maTi xelmisawvdomoba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom codna, romelzec me vsaubrobdi, misi specifikurobis gamo ar SeiZleba gaxdes statistikis nawili da amdenad SeuZlebelia misi gadacema nebismieri centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis statistikuri monacemebis saxiT. statistika, romelic unda gamoiyenos aseTma centralurma xelisuflebam, sagnebs Soris arsebuli mcire gansxvavebebis ugulvebelyofis Sedegia, anu, rodesac igive saxis resursad iseTi sagnebi miiCneva, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba mdebareobiT, xarisxiT da sxva TvisebebiT, rac SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. cxadia, satatikis monacemebze dafuZnebuli centraluri dagegmva, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, ver SeZlebs drois da adgilis garemoebebis uSualo gaTvaliswinebas da centraluri damgegmavi iZulebuli iqneba ipovos gamosavali, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis am garemoebebze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis „adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodne adamianis“ mier miRebas.
V.
Tu SevTanxmdebiT, rom sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problema drois da adgilis gansakuTrebul garemoebebis cvlilebaze swraf adaptaciaSia, maSin, cxadia, saboloo gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRos iman, vinc kargad icnobs am garemoebebs, uSualod flobs informacias mniSvnelovan cvlilebebsa da maTze adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis saWiro resursebis Taobaze. xsenebuli problema ver gadawydeba mTeli codnis pirvel rigSi centraluri organosaTvis gadacemiT, romelic, sruli codnis flobis safuZvelze, SeimuSavebs Sesabamis miTiTebebs. problema gadawydebaA mxolod Sesabamisi decentralizaciis meSveobiT. magram zemoTqmuli Cvens problemas mxolod nawilobriv pasuxobs. decentralizacia saWiroa imisaTvis, rom misi meSveobiT uzrunvelvyoT adgilisa da drois gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis codnis uSualo gamoyeneba. magram „adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodne adamiani“ ver SeZlebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas mxolod mis irgvliv arsebuli garemos kargi codnis safuZvelze. problemad rCeba misTvis im damatebiTi informaciis miwodeba, romelic mas esaWiroeba, raTa sakuTari gadawyvetileba ufro didi ekonomikuri sistemis cvlilebebis mTlian struqturas (pattern) moargos.
ra raodenobis codna sWirdeba mas aRniSnuli amocanis warmatebiT gadasawyvetad? misi uSualo codnis farglebs miRma romeli movlenis codna aris mniSvnelovani uSualo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas da ramdeni ram unda icodes man maT Sesaxeb?
cota ram Tu xdeba msoflioSi, romelsac SeiZleba ar hqondes raime zegavlena mis mier misaReb gadawyvetilebaze. magram mas ar sWirdeba am SemTxvevebis mizezebis amomwuravi codna da arc maTi mTeli Sedegebis erToblioba ainteresebs. misTvis sul erTia, Tu ratom aris garkveul momentSi garkveuli sididis xraxnebze ufro didi moTxovna vidre sxvaze, ratom SeiZleba qaRaldis tomris Sovna ufro advilad brezentis tomarasTan SedarebiT, an ratom gaxda kvalificiuri samuSao Zala, an manqana-danadgaris Sovna ufro rTuli am momentisaTvis. misTvis mxolod is
aris mniSvnelovani, Tu ramdenad rTulad an iolad SeiZleba maTi SeZena sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, romlebic mas aseve ainteresebs an ramdenad metia Tu naklebi moTxovna mis mier warmoebul an moxmarebul sxvadasxva saganze. mas yovelTvis mxolod misTvis arsebiTi konkretuli sagnebis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba ainteresebs, da mizezebi, romlebic cvlian maT SedarebiT mniSvnelobas, mas mxolod imdenad ainteresebs, ramdenadac isini misi garemos konkretul sagnebze axdenen zegavlenas.
am SemTxvevaSi gvexmareba is, rasac me „ekonomikuri kalkulacia“ vuwode, Tundac rogorc analogi, raTa davinaxoT Tu rogor SeiZleba gadawydes aRniSuli problema da rac sinamdvileSi fasis meqanizmiT gvardeba. TviT erTi konkretuli makontrolebeli gonic ki, romelic srulad flobs monacemebs romelime mcire, TviTkmari ekonomikuri sistemis Sesaxeb, ver SeZlebda – aucilebeli iqneboda yovelwuTieri mcire regulirebebis ganxorcieleba resursebis ukeT gadasanawileblad – miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris arsebuli yvela im kavSiris yuradRebiT gamokvlevas, romlebzec SeiZleba garkveuli zegavlena iqonios miRebulma gadawyvetilebam. arCevanis gakeTebis wminda logikis didi damsaxurebaa imis Cveneba, rom aseTi saxis kerZo goni aRniSnuli saxis problemis gadawyvetas mxolod eqvivalenturobis normis (an „Rirebulebis“, an „Canacvlebis zRvruli normis“) SemuSavebiT da mudmivi gamoyenebiT SeZlebda, anu mwiri resursis TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis cifruli indeqsis miniWebiT, romelic ar gamomdinareobs konkretuli nivTis rame Tvisebidan, aramed aireklavs an koncentrirebuli formiT gvamcnobs konkretuli nivTis mniSvnelobas saSualebebisa da miznebis mTliani struqturidan gamomdinare. nebismieri mcire cvlilebisas man unda gaiTvaliswinos mxolod es raodenobrivi indeqsi (an „Rirebuleba“), romelSic sruladaa Tavmoyrili mniSvnelovani informacia da raodenobis sidideebis saTiTao koreqciiT mas SeuZlia Sesabamisad gadaawyos sakuTari gegmebi mTeli am Tavsatexis ab initio amoxsnis an nebismier etapze misi yvela ganStoebis sinqronuli analizis gareSe.
mniSvnelovania, rom sistemaSi, romelSic saWiro faqtebis codna gafantulia mraval adamians Soris, fasebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva adamianebis calkeuli qmedebebis koordinacia, iseve, rogorc subieqturi faseulobebi exmareba adamians sakuTari gegmis elementebis koordinaciaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT Rirs erTi martivi da ubralo magaliTis moyvana. davuSvaT, msoflioSi sadme warmoiSva nedli masalis, magaliTad kalis, gamoyenebis axali SesaZlebloba, an kalis miwodebis erT-erTi wyaro amoiwura. Cveni miznisaTvis sul erTia – da es Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom sul erTia - am ori mizezidan romlis gamo gaxda kala ufro deficituri. yvelaferi, rac kalis momxmareblebma unda icodnen aris is, rom kala, romelsac isini moixmardnen, ufro momgebianad gamoiyeneba sadRac sxvagan da Sedegad unda dazogon kala. maT did umravlesobas ar esaWiroeba imis codnac ki, sad warmoiSva ufro didi saWiroeba, an romeli saWiroebebis dakmayofilebis gamo unda moixmaron ekonomiurad kalis darCenili maragi. Tuki ramdenime maTgani flobs uSualo informacias axali moTxovnis Sesaxeb da resursebs am mimarTulebiT gadarTavs da, Tuki adamianebi, romlebmac ician amis Sedegad warmoSobili deficitis Sesaxeb, mas sxva wyaroebidan Seavseben, Sedegi swrafad moicavs ekonomikis mTlian sistemas da zegavlenas moaxdens ara mxolod kalis, aramed misi Semcvlelis da Semcvlelis Semcvlelis, yvela im sagnis, romelic kalisagan mzaddeba, maTi Semcvlelis da a.S. moxmarebaze. da es yvelaferi moxdeba ise, rom maTi udidesi umravlesoba, romelTa meSveobiTac moxda aRniSnuli cvlilebebi, ar icnobs am cvlilebebis mizezs. sistema moqmedebs rogorc erTiani bazari ara imitom, rom misma erT-erTma wevrma icis es yvelaferi, aramed imitom, rom wevrebis individualuri xedvis sferoebi erTmaneTs sakmarisad gadafaraven, ise, rom informacia gadaecema yvelas Suamavlebis meSveobiT. is ubralo faqti, rom nebismieri saqonlisaTvis arebobs erTiani fasi – an, ufro swored, adgilobrivi fasebi ganpirobebulia transprotis xarjebiT da a.S. – wyvets problemas, romelic (da isic mxolod Teoriis doneze) kerZo gonisaTvis SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi flobs yvela im informacias, romelic gafantulia procesSi CarTul individebs Soris.
VI
fasis meqanizms unda SevxedoT rogorc informaciis komunikaciis saSualebas, Tu gvsurs misi namdvili funqciis Secnoba – im funqciisa, romelsac igi, ra Tqma unda, naklebad srulyofilad asrulebs fasebis sixistis SemTxvevaSi. (dadgenili fasebis meti sixistis SemTxvevaSic ki, is Zalebi, romlebic imoqmedebdnen fasis cvlilebisas, mainc mniSvnelovnad avlenen Tavs xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebis Secvlis meSveobiT). fasis meqanizmSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom misi meSveobiT xdeba codnis ekonomia, anu swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad TiToeuli individisaTvis sagrZnoblad mcirdeba saWiro codnis moculoba. lakonurad, simbolos saxiT, xdeba mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis gadacema da Tanac mxolod dainteresebul pirTaTvis. Tu fasis meqanizms aRvwerT rogorc garkveuli saxis cvlilebebis registraciis meqanizms an telekomunikaciebis sistemas, romlis daxmarebiTac prodiusers SeuZlia Tvali adevnos mxolod ramdenime isris moZraobas, iseve rogorc inJiners SeuZlia uyuros ciferblatis mxolod ramdenime isars, raTa misi meSveobiT moaxdinos sakuTari saqmianobis koreqtireba im cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, romelTa mizezebzec man SeiZleba verasodes gaigos imaze meti, vidre es asaxulia fasis ganviTarebaSi _ maSin, ra Tqma unda, igi metia vidre ubralo metafora.
xsenebuli koreqtirebebi arasodesaa „srulyofili“ im gagebiT, rasac ekonomisti gulisxmobs wonasworobis analizisas. magram, vSiSob, Cveni mcdari mecnieruli tradicia, problemis gadawyvetisas amovideT daSvebidan, rom yvela monawiles gaaaCnia met-naklebad srulyofili codna, xels gviSlis fasis meqanizmis WeSmariti funqciis danaxvaSi da gvibiZgebs misi efeqturobis analizisas gamoviyenoT mcdari standartebi. saswauli, rogorc es davinaxeT nedleulis simwiris SemTxvevaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom brZanebis gareSe, rodesac mxolod ramdenime adamianma icis mizezi, aTiaTasobiT adamiani, da maTi identifikaciisTvis Tveebic ki ar iqneboda sakmarisi, masalas, an mis produqcias, ufro yairaTianad iyenebs, anu _ isini swori mimarTulebiT moZraoben. es saswaulia, da arc Tu patara, imis miuxedavad, SeZlebs Tu ara yvela mudmivad cvalebad samyaroSi sakuTari mogebis myar an „normalur“ doneze SenarCunebas.
me gangeb vixmare sityva „saswauli“, raTa mkiTxveli gamomeyvana im TviTkmayofilebidan, romliTac Cven xSirad aRviqvamT aRniSnuli meqanizmis muSaobas, rogorc TavisTavads. mjera igi adamianis Canafiqris Sedegi rom yofiliyo da adamianebs, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben fasis cvlilebebiT, esmodeT, rom maTi gadawyvetilebebis mniSvneloba sagrZnoblad scildeba maTive uaxloesi miznis miRwevis farglebs, aRniSnul meqanizms adamianis gonis udides warmatebad aRiarebdnen. magram, samwuxarod, misi ubedureba ormagia _ erTi mxriv igi araa adamianuri Canafiqris Sedegi da meore mxriv adamianebma, romlebic am meqanizmiT xelmZRvaneloben, ar ician, Tu ratom arian isini iZulebuli akeTon is, rasac akeTeben. magram maT, vinc moiTxovs „gaazrebul marTvas“ – da vinc ver ijerebs, rom rames, rac Canafiqris gareSe (da Cven mier gaucnobiereblad) warmoiSva, xelewifeba im problemebis mogvareba, romlis gaazrebuli gadawyveta Cven ar ZalgviZs – unda axsovdeT Semdegi: problema zustad imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor unda moxdes Cven mier resursebis gamoyenebis moculobis gafarToeba calkeuli gonis kontrolis SesaZleblobebis miRma; da Sesabamisad, rogor davaRwioT Tavi gaazrebuli kontrolis saWiroebas da rogor SevqmnaT iseTi garemo, romelic aiZulebs individebs sasurveli qmedebis ganxorcielebas ise, rom aravin iyos valdebuli miuTiTos maT amis Sesaxeb.
problema, romelsac aq vawydebiT, ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTisa. man SeiZleba Tavi iCinos yvela WeSmaritad socialur fenomenSi, rogoricaa ena da Cveni kulturuli memkvidreobis udidesi nawili da imavdroulad warmoadgens nebismieri socialuri mecnierebis mTavar Teoriul problemas. rogorc alfred uaThedma aRniSna sxva konteqstSi: „fundamenturi da mcdari truizmia, rasac imeorebs yvela anbanuri WeSmaritebebis krebuli da cnobili adamianebi TavianT gamosvlebSi, rom Cven unda viswavloT yvelafris gaazreba, rasac vakeTebT. realuri mdgomareoba diametralurad gansxvavebulia. civilizaciis ganviTareba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven ufro meti mniSvnelovani moqmedebis ganxorcieleba SegviZlia masze dafiqrebis gareSe.“ socialur sferoSi amas fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cven mudmivad viyenebT formulebs, simboloebs da wesebs, romelTa mniSvneloba Cven ar gvesmis da romelTa meSveobiT Cven viyenebT codnas, romelsac pirovnulad ar vflobT. aRniSnuli Cvevebi da institutebi Cven SevqmeniT im tradiciebsa da institutebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic warmatebuli aRmoCnda Sesabamis sferoSi da romlebic Sesabamisad Cven mier Seqmnili civilizaciis safuZveli gaxda.
fasis meqnizmi im qmnilebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romliTac adamianma isargebla (Tumca kvlavac Sorsaa misi optimaluri gamoyenebisagan), mas Semdeg rac igi mas waawyda SemTxveviT da gamoiyena igi, misi, rogorc movlenis, gaazrebis gareSe. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda ara marto Sromis danawileba, aramed Tanabrad ganawilebuli codnis safuZvelze resursebis koordinirebuli gamoyenebac. adamianebs, romlebic dascinian Sexedulebas, rom yvelaferi marTlac asea, rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego argumentad mohyavT mosazreba TiTqos igi amtkicebs, rom saswaulebrivad, spontanurad moxda iseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic saukeTesodaa morgebuli Tanamedrove civilizaciaze. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi piriqiTaa: adamianma SeZlo Sromis danawileba, rasac Cveni civilizacia efuZneba, imitom, rom igi gadaeyara im meTods, ramac es SesaZlebeli gaxada. ase rom ar momxdariyo, igi albaT mainc SeZlebda sxva, sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis, civilizaciis, magaliTad termitebis „saxelmwifos“ msgavis, an sxva, CvenTvis amJamad sruliad warmoudgeneli, saxis civilizaciis Seqmnas. Cven mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom dRemde veravin moaxerxa iseTi alternatiuli sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic arsebulis im Tvisebebs SeinarCunebda, ase mniSvnelovani romaa imaTTvisac ki, vinc yvelaze gulmodgineT esxmis mas Tavs – individis Tavisuflebis xarisxi _ unari, damoukideblad gansazRvros sakuTari miznebi da Sesabamisad Tavisuflad gamoiyenos sakuTari codna da unari.
VII
xelsayrelia mravali TvalsazrisiT, rom kamaTi rTuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sazogadoebaSi racionaluri kalkulaciisaTvis fasis meqanizmis aucileblobis Sesaxeb aRar mimdinareobs mxolod gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis banakebs Soris. Tezas, rom ver SevZlebT fasis meqanizmis gareSe Cveni, Sromis yovelmxriv danawilebas dafuZnebuli, sazogadoebis SenarCunebas, siciliT Sexvdenen, roca igi 25 wlis win wamoayena fon mizesma. dRes is sirTuleebi, ris gamoc zogs uWirs misi aRiareba aRar aris oden da mxolod politikuri, rac kritikuli diskusiisaTvis xelsayrel atmosferos qmnis. roca vxedavT rogor amtkicebs lev trocki, rom “ekonomikuri kalkulacia SeuZlebelia sabazro urTierTobebis gareSe”; roca profesori oskar lengi profesor fon mizess Zeglis dadgmas pirdeba momavalis centraluri dagegmvis samsaxuris marmarilos derefnebSi; da roca profesori abba f. lerneri adam smitis xelaxal aRmoCenas akeTebs aRniSnavs ra, rom fasis meqanizmis mTavari daniSnulebaa aiZulos individi, maSin roca igi sakuTari miznebis miRwevas cdilobs, gaakeTos is, rac saerTo interesSia, uTanxmoebis mizezi ukve ara mcdar politikur SexedulebebSi, aramed upiratesad inteleqtualur, ufro ki meTodologiur xasiaTis gansxvavebebSi unda veZioT.
wignSi “kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia” profesor iozef Sumpeteris mier gamoTqmuli azri naTeli magaliTia im meTodologiuri gansxvavebebisa, rasac me vgulisxmob. misi avtori im ekonomistTa saxelovani warmomadgenelia, romlebic ekonomikur fenomenebs pozitivizmis erTgvari ganStoebis perspeqtividan uyureben. aRniSnul fenomenebs saqonlis obieqturad mocemuli simravleebis saxe aqvs, romlebic, rogorc Cans, erTmaneTTan adamianis gonebis TiTqmis yovelgvari monawileobis gareSe modis urTierTqmedebaSi. mxolod aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SemiZlia gavigo Semdegi (CemTvis ucnauri) gancxadeba, rodesac profesori Sumpeteri amtkicebs, rom sawarmoo faqtorebis racionaluri gaangariSeba bazris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi TeoretikosisaTvis im “elementaruli garemoebidan gamomdinareobs, rom momxmarebeli samomxmareblo saqonlis SefasebiT (moTxovniT) ipso facto agreTve
afasebs produqciis im saSualebebs, romelic gamoyenebuli iqna am saqonlis warmoebisas.”1
sityva-sityviT Tu gavigebT, aRniSnuli mosazreba ubralod mcdaria. momxmarebeli msgavss arafers akeTebs. profesor Sumpeteris “ipso facto” savaraudod niSnavs, rom sawarmoo faqtorebis Sefaseba implicirebulia momxmareblis mier saqonlis SefasebaSi, an aucileblad gamomdinareobs am Sefasebidan. Tumca aRniSnuli mtkicebac arasworia. implikacia niSnavs logikur kavSirs, romelsac azri aqvs mxolod im gamonaTqvamebis SemTxvevaSi, erTi da igive gonisaTvis erTdroulad romaa warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom warmoebis faqtorebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia ara mxolod momxmareblis mier saqonlis Sefasebaze, aramed warmoebis faqtorebis miwodebis sxvadasxva pirobebzec. mocemuli faqtebidan pasuxi mxolod im gonisaTvis gamomdinareobs, romelic erTdroulad flobs yvela faqts. realuri problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom calkeuli goni am faqtebs arasodes flobs am formiT, da, Sesabamisad, problemis gadawyvetasaTvis aucilebelia mraval adamians Soris gafantuli codnis gamoyeneba.
aqedan gamomdinare, arafris mTqmelia imis mtkiceba, rom kerZo gonisaTvis yvela faqtis xelmisawvdomoba (rasac vuSvebT damkvirvebeli ekonomistis SemTxvevaSi) calsaxad ganapirobebs problemis mogvarebas; amis nacvlad unda vaCvenoT, Tu rogor xdeba es sinamdvileSi adamianebis urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mxolod nawilobriv codnas floben. imis daSveba, rom mTlian codnas erTi kerZo goni flobs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc Cven vuSvebT, rom Cven mas vflobT rogorc ekonomistebi (romlebic mxolod ganvmartavT ekonomikur procesebs), niSnavs problemis ignorirebas da imis ugulvebelyofasac, rac mniSvnelovani da arsebiTia realur samyaroSi.
imas, rom profesor Sumpeteris reputaciis mqone ekonomisti gaeba im xafangSi, romelsac gaucnobierebel adamians ugebs “monacemis” cnebis bundovaneba, ver avxsniT rogorc ubralo Secdomas. igi ufro imaze mianiSnebs, rom fundamenturad mcdaria midgoma, romelic tradiciulad ugulvebelyofs CvenTvis saintereso fenomenis mniSvnelovan nawils _ adamianis codnis gadaulaxav arasrulyofilebas da Sesabamisad im procesis aucileblobas, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba codnis mudmivi komunikacia da SeZena. nebismieri mcdeloba, iseTi, magaliTad, rogoricaa maTematikuri ekonomikis didi nawili, misi sinqronuli gantolebebis CaTvliT, romelic amodis daSvebidan, rom adamianebis codna Seesabameba situaciis obieqtur faqtebs, sistematurad ugulvebelyofs imas, risi axsnac Cveni mTavari movaleobaa. me Sorsa var imisagan, rom uarvyo Cveni sistemisaTvis wonasworobis analizis mniSvneloba. magram, roca saqme iqamde midis, rom mas SecdomaSi Seyavs Cveni wamyvani moazrovneebi, ajerebs ra maT, rom situacias, romelsac is aRwers, uSualo mniSvneloba aqvs praqtikuli problemis gadawyvetisaTvis, aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom igi saerTod ar exeba socialur process da warmoadgens mxolod mosamzadebel samuSaos, Tumca sasargeblos, mTavari problemis kvlevis saqmeSi.
1 i. Sumpeteri, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York; Harper, 1942), gv. 175. Cemi rwmeniT profesori Sumpeteri im miTis avtoricaa, romlis mixedviTac paretom da baronma “amoxsnes” socialisturi kalkulaciis problema. rac maT, da bevrma sxvam, SeZles, es mxolod im pirobebis gansazRvraa, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes resursebis racionaluri gadanawileba da imis aRniSvna, rom es igivea, rac konkurentuli bazris wonasworobis pirobebi. es sruliad gansxvavdeba resursebis realuri alokaciis codnisagan, romelic unda akmayofilebdes aRniSnul pirobebs. TviTon pareto (romlisganac baronma aiRo yvelaferi, rac ki mas saTqmeli aqvs) Sors iyo mtkicebisagan, rom man SeZlo praqtikuli problemis gadawyveta, piriqiT, is pirdapir ambobs, rom misi gadawyveta SeuZlebelia bazris daxmarebis gareSe. ix. misi Manuel d’economie pure, (me-2 gamocema, 1927), gv. 233-34. Sesabamisi adgili inglisur enaze ixileT Cemi statiis dasawyisSi “Socialist Calculation: The Competitive “Solution”,” in Economica, New Series, Vol. VIII, No. 26 (May, 1940), gv. 125.
F. A. Hayek
(Targmna daTo xanTaZem)
rogor CamovayalibebdiT problemas, romlis gadawyvetac gvsurs racionaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis damkvidrebiT? cnobili daSvebebisas pasuxi martivia: Tu srulad vflobT informacias, Tu SegviZlia amovideT preferenciebis mocemuli sistemidan da Tu vflobT srulyofil codnas arsebuli saSualebebis Sesaxeb, maSin gadasawyveti mxolod logikuri xasiaTis problema dagvrCeba. Sesabamisad, pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu raSi mdgomareobs arsebuli saSualebebis saukeTeso gamoyeneba, nagulisxmebia Cvensave daSvebebSi. pirobebi, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes optimaluri mdgomareobis miRweva, srulyofilad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes maTematikuri formiT, anu _ nebismieri ori saxis saqonlis an sawarmoo faqtoris Canacvlebis zRvruli norma (the marginal rates of substitution) erTi da igive unda iyos maTi nebismieri gamoyenebisas.
magram aris ki es sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari ekonomikuri problema? am kiTxvaze pasuxi iqneba emfatikuri ara. zemoxsenebuli logikuri problemis gadasawyvetad SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri kalkulacia, marTalia, mniSvnelovani nabijia sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problemis mogvarebis gzaze, magram ar warmoadgens sakuTriv problemis gadawyvetas. mizezi ki imaSia, rom “monacemebi”, rasac efuZneba ekonomikuri kalkulacia, mTeli sazogadoebis masStabiT arasodes aris “mocemuli” kerZo gonisaTvis, romelic SeZlebda yvela SesaZlo Sedegis ganWvretas da verc iqneba am saxiT mocemuli.
racionaluri ekonomikuri wesrigis problemis Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia swored imiT, rom garemoebebis codna, romelic Cven unda gamoviyenoT, ar arsebobs koncentrirebuli an integrirebuli saxiT, aramed mxolod rogorc gafantuli, mcire nawilebi arasruli da xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi codnisa, romelsac flobs TviTeuli individi. Sedegad sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problema moicavs ara marto “mocemuli” resursebis gadanawilebas _ Tuki “mocemuli” niSnavs mocemuls kerZo gonisaTvis, romelic arsebuli “monacemebidan” gamomdinare meTodurad, maTi analizis Sedegad wyvets problemebs. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problema pirvel rigSi imis gansazRvraSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor uzrunvelvyoT sociumis TiToeuli wevrisaTvis cnobili resursis optimaluri gamoyeneba im miznebisaTvis, romelTa SedarebiTi faseuloba mxolod aRniSnuli individebisTvisaa cnobili. anu _ rogor unda moxdes codnis gamoyeneba, romelsac erTianad aravin flobs. fundamenturi problemis aRniSnuli aspeqti, vSiSob, ara Tu cxadi da gasagebi, aramed ufro bundovani gaxada dRevandelma rafinirebulma ekonomikurma Teoriebma, gansakuTrebiT ki maTematikis intensiurma gamoyenebam. Tumca, problema, romelsac pirvel rigSi minda Sevexo, ekonomikuri sistemis racionalur mowyobas ukavSirdeba, magram msjelobisas kvlav da kvlav momiwevs mivaniSno garkveul meTodur sakiTxebTan mis mWidro kavSirze. mravali mosazreba, romlebzec vapireb saubars, warmoadgens daskvnebs, romelTa argumentaciis procesSi moxda dasabuTebis sxvadasxva gzebis moulodneli Tanxvedra. magram, rogorc axla vxedav aRniSnul problemebs, saqme SemTxveviTobasTan ar unda gvqondes. meCveneba, rom ekonomikur Teoriasa da ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebuli mravali uTanxmoeba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problemis araswori gagebidan gamomdinareobs. es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv ganpirobebulia socialur fenomenze azrovnebis im Cvevebis araswori gadataniT, romelic Cven bunebis fenomenebTan mimarTebaSi SevimuSaveT.
II
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sityva “dagegmviT” avRniSnavT urTierTdakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis erTobliobas romelic exeba Cvens xelT arsebuli resursebis gadanawilebas. am gagebiT, nebismieri ekonomikuri saqmianoba dagegmvas warmoadgens; da nebismier sazogadoebaSi, sadac mravali adamiani TanamSromlobs, xsenebuli dagegmva, vinc ar unda axorcielebdes mas, garkveuli xarisxiT unda daefuZnos codnas, romelsac, dasawyisSi ara damgegmavi, aramed sxva flobs da rogorme mis, anu damgemavis gankargulebaSi unda aRmoCndes. is gansxvavebuli gzebi, romlis meSveobiTac im codnis komunikacia xdeba razec adamianebi sakuTar gegmebs afuZneben, umniSvnelovanes problemas warmoadgens nebismier TeoriisaTvis, romelic ekonomikuri procesis axsnas cdilobs. qmediTi ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmna calkeul adamianebs Soris gafantuli codnis optimaluri gamoyenebis safuZvelze ekonomokuri politikis erT-erT mTavar, Tu ara umTavres, sirTules warmoadgens.
pasuxi aRniSnul kiTxvaze mWidro kavSirSia aseve am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul Semdeg kiTxvasTan: vin unda ganaxorcielos dagegmva? es ki swored is kiTxvaa, romelic qmnis “ekonomikuri dagegmvis” problemis birTvs. diskusiis sagans warmoadgens ara dagegmvis aucilebloba, aramed Tu vin unda ganaxorcielos igi _ saxelmwifo xelisuflebam, centralurad, mTeli ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis, Tu mravalma calkeulma individma. dagegmva Tanamedrove diskusiaSi mxolod centralur dagegmvas niSnavs, anu mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis gaZRolas erTiani gegmis mixedviT. konkurencia, meores mxriv, niSnavs (decentralur) dagegmvas calkeuli individis mier. or ukanasknels Soris kompromiss warmoadgens, da, razec bevri saubrobs, Tumca cotas Tu uxaria misi xilva, dagegmvis delegireba warmoebis organizebuli dargebisaTvis, anu igive monopolia.
sistemis efeqturobas gansazRvravs is, Tu romel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba velodoT arsebuli codnis srul gamoyenebas. anu _ ras ufro SevZlebT: centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis mTliani codna gadacemas, Tu individebis im damatebiTi informaciiT uzrunvelyofas, romelic maT sakuTari gegmebis sxvebis gegmebze morgebisTvis esaWiroebaT.
III
zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva saxis specialuri codna; Sesabamisad, pasuxi kiTxvaze damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra mniSvneloba gaaCnia TiToeul maTgans; erTi mxriv, savaraudod, calkeuli individebis gankargulebaSi arsebul codnas da meore mxriv codnas, romelsac, savaraudod, flobs Sesabamisi eqspertebisgan Semdgari saxelisuflebo struqtura. gabatonebuli Sexeduleba am ukanasknelis upiratesobis Sesaxeb ganpirobebulia imiT, rom mecnierul codnas mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sazogadoebis TvalSi, imdenad, rom xSirad gvaviwydeba _ igi ar aris codnis erTaderTi mniSvnelovani saxeoba. SeiZleba vaRiaroT, rom roca saqme mecnierul codnas exeba, swored SerCeuli eqspertebi floben am saxis saukeTeso codnas – Tumca es mosazreba mTeli simZimis mxolod eqspertebis SerCevis proceduraze gadatanas gulisxmobs. amiT imis Tqma msurs, rom aRniSnuli problemis warmatebiT gadawyvetis SemTxvevaSic ki, igi didi problemis mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgens.
mosazreba, rom mecnieruli codna mTliani codnis jams ar warmoadgens dResdReobiT TiTqmis mkrexelobad iTvleba. magram mcireodeni analizic ki gvarwmunebs, rom ueWvelad arsebobs, Tumca araorganizebuli, magram uaRresad mniSvnelovani codnis saxeoba, romelsac ver vuwodebT mecnieruls zogadi wesebis codnis mniSvnelobiT _ es aris drois da adgilis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis codna. swored am saxis codna aniWebs upiratesobas praqtikulad yovel individs sxvebTan mimarTebaSi, radgan igi flobs unikalur informacias, romlis optimaluri gamoyeneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu am informaciaze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebis miReba moxdeba mis mier, an misi aqtiuri TanamSromlobiT. Cven mxolod unda gavixsenoT, Tu ramdeni ramis swavla gvixdeba nebismier profesiis dauflebisas, mas Semdeg rac davamTavrebT Teoriuli ganaTlebis kurss, Cveni profesiuli cxovrebis raoden did nawils vuTmobT konkretuli saqmianobis dauflebas da ramdenad mniSvnelovania nebismier profesiaSi adamianebis, adgilobrivi pirobebis da konkretuli garemoebebis codna _ vflobdeT da viyenebdeT informacias manqanis Sesaxeb, romelic bolomde ar aris datvirTuli, an vinmes unaris Sesaxeb, romlis gamoyeneba ukeTaa SesaZlebeli, an vflobdeT informacias saqonlis arsebuli maragis Sesaxeb, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia momaragebis Seferxebisas, sazogadoebisaTvis imdenadve sasargebloa, ramdenadac sxvadasxva meTodebis codna. da tvirTis gamgzavni, romelic sarCo-sabadebels carieli an naxevrad savse gemis mogzaurobis sakuTari miznebisaTvis gamoyenebiT Soulobs, an uZravi qonebiT movaWre, romlis codnac mxolod swrafad cvalebadi SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebaSi Tu mdgomareobs, an arbitrageur, romelic mogebas saTamasuqo kursis lokaluri gansxvavebebis optimaluri gamoyenebiT naxulobs – yvela zemoxsenebuli piri aSkarad sasargeblo funqcias asrulebs, rac efuZneba swored mimdinare momentis specifikur codnas, romelic sxvebisaTvis ucnobi rCeba.
ucnauria, rom am saxis codnas dRes, zogadad erTgvari amreziT uyureben da adamianis qceva, romelic upiratesobas Teoriuli, an teqnikuri codniT ukeT aRWurvil pirze aseTi specifikuri codnis meSveobiT aRwevs, TiTqmis saZraxisadaa miCneuli. komunikaciis an transportis saSualebebiT upiratesobis miRweva xandaxan arakeTilsindisierebadac ki miiCneva, Tumca mecnierebis uaxlesi miRwevebis gamoyenebaze aranakleb mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis mier am sferoSi arsebuli saukeTeso SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba. aRniSnulma mcdarma warmodgenam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba sazogadoebis vaWrobisadmi damokidebuleba, romelic ase gansxvavdeba warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebisagan. TviT ekonomistebic ki, romlebic sakuTar Tavs warsulis mcdari, uxeSi materialisturi warmodgenebisagan Tavisuflad miiCneven, msgavs Secdomas sCadian, roca saqme praqtikul codnas exeba – albaT imitom, rom maT mier saganTa aRqmaSi aseTi saxis codna “mocemulad” miiCneva. gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, aseTi saxis codna sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi unda iyos da arsebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis dadanaSauleba iracionalurobaSi, xSirad imas efuZneba, rom es informacia xelmisawvdomi ar aris. aRniSnuli Sexeduleba uaryofs faqts, rom meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba aseTi saxis codnis maqsimaluri xelmisawvdomoba, swored im problemas warmoadgens, romelze pasuxic Cven unda vipovoT.
IV
dRes-dReobiT drois da adgilis gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis codnis mniSvnelobis Semcireba ukavSirdeba cvlilebis, rogorc aseTis, mniSvnelobis dakninebas. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs „damgegmavebis“ daSvebebsa, xSirad mxolod nagulisxmeb, da maTi oponentebis daSvebebs Soris, pirvel rigSi cvlilebebis mniSvnelobas da sixSires exeba, rac aucilebels xdis warmoebis gegmebis arsebiT cvlilebas. ra Tqma unda, Tu ki SesaZlebeli iqneboda, xangrZlivi periodisaTvis, detaluri ekonomikuri gegmebis winaswar Sedgena da SemdgomSi maTi mkacri dacva, ise rom aucilebeli aRar iyos mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba, maSin gacilebiT gaadvildeboda yovlismomcveli gegmis SemuSaveba, romelic mTlian ekonomikur saqmianobas moawesrigebda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikuri problemebi yovelTvis, da mxolod, cvlilebebiT arian ganpirobebuli. sanam mdgomareoba ucvlelia, an Tudnac iseTia, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, ar warmoiSveba axali problemebi, romlebic gadawyvetas moiTxoven da Sesabamisad ar arsebobs axali gegmebis saWiroeba. rwmena, rom axlandel droSi cvlilebebi, anu gadawyvetilebebis yoveldRiuri, Tundac mcire, koreqtireba, naklebad mniSvnelovania, gulisxmobs, rom ekonomikurma problemebmac, amdenad, dakarges aqtualoba. unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianebi, romlebsac wamT, rom cvlileba naklebad mniSvnelovania, rogorc wesi, imavdroulad amtkiceben, rom ekonomikuri mosazrebebi ukana planze gadaswia teqnologiuri codnis mzardma mniSvnelobam.
marTalia, rom Tanamedrove warmoebis detalurad SemuSavebuli instrumentebi ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas mxolod grZelvadian monakveTSi iTxoven, rogoricaa fabrikis daarseba an axali teqnologiuri procesis SemoReba? marTalia, rom sawarmos dafuZnebis Semdeg yvelaferi danarCeni metnaklebad meqanikuri procesia, romelsac gansazRvravs sawarmos xasiaTi da mis saqmianobaSi cota ram aris Sesacvleli mudmivad cvalebad garemoebebze morgebis mizniT?
gavrcelebuli rwmena, rom yvelaferi marTlac asea, ramdenadac davadgine, ar dasturdeba mewarmis gamocdilebiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi konkurentul sawarmoSi – da mxolod aseTi sawarmo SeiZleba iyos CvenTvis saintereso – xarjebis minimalur doneze SeanarCuneba moiTxovs mudmiv brZolas, rasac menejeris energiis udidesi nawili eTmoba. ramdenad iolia uunaro menejerisaTvis im SesaZleblobebis gaflangva, romlebsac mogeba efuZneba da rom SesaZlebelia erTi da igive teqnikuri saSualebebis miuxedavad biznesis gansxvavebuli xarjebiT warmoeba, ekonomikur sferoSi banaluri WeSmaritebaa, rac, rogorc Cans, ekonomistTa samyaroSi adekvatur asaxvas ver poulobs. mwarmoeblebis da inJinrebis mkafiod gamoxatuli survili, neba mieceT, gadawyvetileba mxolod fuladi danaxarjebidan gamomdinare miiRon, naTeli sabuTia imisa, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba aRniSnul faqtorebs yoveldRiuri muSaobisas.
ekonomistebis samyaroSi arsebuli mzardi tendenciis erT-erTi mizezi, daiviwyon mudmivi mcire cvlilebebi, romlebic qmnian ekonomikis mTlian suraTs, savaraudod maT statistikur monacemebisadmi mzard interesSi unda veZioT, radgan maT procesebis denad, swrafad cvlad samyarosTan SedarebiT meti stabiluroba axasiaTebs. statistikuri monacemebis SedarebiTi stabiluroba ar SeiZleba ganimartos – rogorc xandaxan miaCniaT statistikosebs – „didi raodenobis kanoniT“ an swrafi, araprognozirebadi cvlilebebis urTierTkompensaciis meSveobiT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi elementTa raodenoba ar aris sakmarisi situaciis stabilizaciisaTvis. saqonlis da momsaxurebis uwyvet miwodebas situaciaze mudmivi morgeba uzrunvelyofs. axali gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic miiReba yoveldRiurad, axali, wina dRiT ucnobi, garemoebebidan gamomdinare, b-s dauyovnebeli CarTviT, roca a-s aRar SeuZlia miwodebis ganxorcieleba. TviT didi da kargad meqanizebuli qarxanac ki ZiriTadad imitom agrZelebs funqciobas, rom mis irgvliv arsebobs garemo, romelic exmareba nebismieri moulodneli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi; aris es kramiti, sakancelario sagnebi, Tu sxva aTasgvari saxis aRWurviloba, romelsac sawarmo TviTon ver awarmoebs, magram misi funqciobisaTvis aucilebelia maTi xelmisawvdomoba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom codna, romelzec me vsaubrobdi, misi specifikurobis gamo ar SeiZleba gaxdes statistikis nawili da amdenad SeuZlebelia misi gadacema nebismieri centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis statistikuri monacemebis saxiT. statistika, romelic unda gamoiyenos aseTma centralurma xelisuflebam, sagnebs Soris arsebuli mcire gansxvavebebis ugulvebelyofis Sedegia, anu, rodesac igive saxis resursad iseTi sagnebi miiCneva, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba mdebareobiT, xarisxiT da sxva TvisebebiT, rac SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani iyos konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas. cxadia, satatikis monacemebze dafuZnebuli centraluri dagegmva, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, ver SeZlebs drois da adgilis garemoebebis uSualo gaTvaliswinebas da centraluri damgegmavi iZulebuli iqneba ipovos gamosavali, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis am garemoebebze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis „adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodne adamianis“ mier miRebas.
V.
Tu SevTanxmdebiT, rom sazogadoebis ekonomikuri problema drois da adgilis gansakuTrebul garemoebebis cvlilebaze swraf adaptaciaSia, maSin, cxadia, saboloo gadawyvetilebebi unda miiRos iman, vinc kargad icnobs am garemoebebs, uSualod flobs informacias mniSvnelovan cvlilebebsa da maTze adekvaturi reagirebisaTvis saWiro resursebis Taobaze. xsenebuli problema ver gadawydeba mTeli codnis pirvel rigSi centraluri organosaTvis gadacemiT, romelic, sruli codnis flobis safuZvelze, SeimuSavebs Sesabamis miTiTebebs. problema gadawydebaA mxolod Sesabamisi decentralizaciis meSveobiT. magram zemoTqmuli Cvens problemas mxolod nawilobriv pasuxobs. decentralizacia saWiroa imisaTvis, rom misi meSveobiT uzrunvelvyoT adgilisa da drois gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis codnis uSualo gamoyeneba. magram „adgilobrivi pirobebis mcodne adamiani“ ver SeZlebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas mxolod mis irgvliv arsebuli garemos kargi codnis safuZvelze. problemad rCeba misTvis im damatebiTi informaciis miwodeba, romelic mas esaWiroeba, raTa sakuTari gadawyvetileba ufro didi ekonomikuri sistemis cvlilebebis mTlian struqturas (pattern) moargos.
ra raodenobis codna sWirdeba mas aRniSnuli amocanis warmatebiT gadasawyvetad? misi uSualo codnis farglebs miRma romeli movlenis codna aris mniSvnelovani uSualo gadawyvetilebis miRebisas da ramdeni ram unda icodes man maT Sesaxeb?
cota ram Tu xdeba msoflioSi, romelsac SeiZleba ar hqondes raime zegavlena mis mier misaReb gadawyvetilebaze. magram mas ar sWirdeba am SemTxvevebis mizezebis amomwuravi codna da arc maTi mTeli Sedegebis erToblioba ainteresebs. misTvis sul erTia, Tu ratom aris garkveul momentSi garkveuli sididis xraxnebze ufro didi moTxovna vidre sxvaze, ratom SeiZleba qaRaldis tomris Sovna ufro advilad brezentis tomarasTan SedarebiT, an ratom gaxda kvalificiuri samuSao Zala, an manqana-danadgaris Sovna ufro rTuli am momentisaTvis. misTvis mxolod is
aris mniSvnelovani, Tu ramdenad rTulad an iolad SeiZleba maTi SeZena sxva sagnebTan SedarebiT, romlebic mas aseve ainteresebs an ramdenad metia Tu naklebi moTxovna mis mier warmoebul an moxmarebul sxvadasxva saganze. mas yovelTvis mxolod misTvis arsebiTi konkretuli sagnebis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba ainteresebs, da mizezebi, romlebic cvlian maT SedarebiT mniSvnelobas, mas mxolod imdenad ainteresebs, ramdenadac isini misi garemos konkretul sagnebze axdenen zegavlenas.
am SemTxvevaSi gvexmareba is, rasac me „ekonomikuri kalkulacia“ vuwode, Tundac rogorc analogi, raTa davinaxoT Tu rogor SeiZleba gadawydes aRniSuli problema da rac sinamdvileSi fasis meqanizmiT gvardeba. TviT erTi konkretuli makontrolebeli gonic ki, romelic srulad flobs monacemebs romelime mcire, TviTkmari ekonomikuri sistemis Sesaxeb, ver SeZlebda – aucilebeli iqneboda yovelwuTieri mcire regulirebebis ganxorcieleba resursebis ukeT gadasanawileblad – miznebsa da saSualebebs Soris arsebuli yvela im kavSiris yuradRebiT gamokvlevas, romlebzec SeiZleba garkveuli zegavlena iqonios miRebulma gadawyvetilebam. arCevanis gakeTebis wminda logikis didi damsaxurebaa imis Cveneba, rom aseTi saxis kerZo goni aRniSnuli saxis problemis gadawyvetas mxolod eqvivalenturobis normis (an „Rirebulebis“, an „Canacvlebis zRvruli normis“) SemuSavebiT da mudmivi gamoyenebiT SeZlebda, anu mwiri resursis TiToeuli saxeobisaTvis cifruli indeqsis miniWebiT, romelic ar gamomdinareobs konkretuli nivTis rame Tvisebidan, aramed aireklavs an koncentrirebuli formiT gvamcnobs konkretuli nivTis mniSvnelobas saSualebebisa da miznebis mTliani struqturidan gamomdinare. nebismieri mcire cvlilebisas man unda gaiTvaliswinos mxolod es raodenobrivi indeqsi (an „Rirebuleba“), romelSic sruladaa Tavmoyrili mniSvnelovani informacia da raodenobis sidideebis saTiTao koreqciiT mas SeuZlia Sesabamisad gadaawyos sakuTari gegmebi mTeli am Tavsatexis ab initio amoxsnis an nebismier etapze misi yvela ganStoebis sinqronuli analizis gareSe.
mniSvnelovania, rom sistemaSi, romelSic saWiro faqtebis codna gafantulia mraval adamians Soris, fasebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva adamianebis calkeuli qmedebebis koordinacia, iseve, rogorc subieqturi faseulobebi exmareba adamians sakuTari gegmis elementebis koordinaciaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT Rirs erTi martivi da ubralo magaliTis moyvana. davuSvaT, msoflioSi sadme warmoiSva nedli masalis, magaliTad kalis, gamoyenebis axali SesaZlebloba, an kalis miwodebis erT-erTi wyaro amoiwura. Cveni miznisaTvis sul erTia – da es Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom sul erTia - am ori mizezidan romlis gamo gaxda kala ufro deficituri. yvelaferi, rac kalis momxmareblebma unda icodnen aris is, rom kala, romelsac isini moixmardnen, ufro momgebianad gamoiyeneba sadRac sxvagan da Sedegad unda dazogon kala. maT did umravlesobas ar esaWiroeba imis codnac ki, sad warmoiSva ufro didi saWiroeba, an romeli saWiroebebis dakmayofilebis gamo unda moixmaron ekonomiurad kalis darCenili maragi. Tuki ramdenime maTgani flobs uSualo informacias axali moTxovnis Sesaxeb da resursebs am mimarTulebiT gadarTavs da, Tuki adamianebi, romlebmac ician amis Sedegad warmoSobili deficitis Sesaxeb, mas sxva wyaroebidan Seavseben, Sedegi swrafad moicavs ekonomikis mTlian sistemas da zegavlenas moaxdens ara mxolod kalis, aramed misi Semcvlelis da Semcvlelis Semcvlelis, yvela im sagnis, romelic kalisagan mzaddeba, maTi Semcvlelis da a.S. moxmarebaze. da es yvelaferi moxdeba ise, rom maTi udidesi umravlesoba, romelTa meSveobiTac moxda aRniSnuli cvlilebebi, ar icnobs am cvlilebebis mizezs. sistema moqmedebs rogorc erTiani bazari ara imitom, rom misma erT-erTma wevrma icis es yvelaferi, aramed imitom, rom wevrebis individualuri xedvis sferoebi erTmaneTs sakmarisad gadafaraven, ise, rom informacia gadaecema yvelas Suamavlebis meSveobiT. is ubralo faqti, rom nebismieri saqonlisaTvis arebobs erTiani fasi – an, ufro swored, adgilobrivi fasebi ganpirobebulia transprotis xarjebiT da a.S. – wyvets problemas, romelic (da isic mxolod Teoriis doneze) kerZo gonisaTvis SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki igi flobs yvela im informacias, romelic gafantulia procesSi CarTul individebs Soris.
VI
fasis meqanizms unda SevxedoT rogorc informaciis komunikaciis saSualebas, Tu gvsurs misi namdvili funqciis Secnoba – im funqciisa, romelsac igi, ra Tqma unda, naklebad srulyofilad asrulebs fasebis sixistis SemTxvevaSi. (dadgenili fasebis meti sixistis SemTxvevaSic ki, is Zalebi, romlebic imoqmedebdnen fasis cvlilebisas, mainc mniSvnelovnad avlenen Tavs xelSekrulebis sxva pirobebis Secvlis meSveobiT). fasis meqanizmSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom misi meSveobiT xdeba codnis ekonomia, anu swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad TiToeuli individisaTvis sagrZnoblad mcirdeba saWiro codnis moculoba. lakonurad, simbolos saxiT, xdeba mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovani informaciis gadacema da Tanac mxolod dainteresebul pirTaTvis. Tu fasis meqanizms aRvwerT rogorc garkveuli saxis cvlilebebis registraciis meqanizms an telekomunikaciebis sistemas, romlis daxmarebiTac prodiusers SeuZlia Tvali adevnos mxolod ramdenime isris moZraobas, iseve rogorc inJiners SeuZlia uyuros ciferblatis mxolod ramdenime isars, raTa misi meSveobiT moaxdinos sakuTari saqmianobis koreqtireba im cvlilebebidan gamomdinare, romelTa mizezebzec man SeiZleba verasodes gaigos imaze meti, vidre es asaxulia fasis ganviTarebaSi _ maSin, ra Tqma unda, igi metia vidre ubralo metafora.
xsenebuli koreqtirebebi arasodesaa „srulyofili“ im gagebiT, rasac ekonomisti gulisxmobs wonasworobis analizisas. magram, vSiSob, Cveni mcdari mecnieruli tradicia, problemis gadawyvetisas amovideT daSvebidan, rom yvela monawiles gaaaCnia met-naklebad srulyofili codna, xels gviSlis fasis meqanizmis WeSmariti funqciis danaxvaSi da gvibiZgebs misi efeqturobis analizisas gamoviyenoT mcdari standartebi. saswauli, rogorc es davinaxeT nedleulis simwiris SemTxvevaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom brZanebis gareSe, rodesac mxolod ramdenime adamianma icis mizezi, aTiaTasobiT adamiani, da maTi identifikaciisTvis Tveebic ki ar iqneboda sakmarisi, masalas, an mis produqcias, ufro yairaTianad iyenebs, anu _ isini swori mimarTulebiT moZraoben. es saswaulia, da arc Tu patara, imis miuxedavad, SeZlebs Tu ara yvela mudmivad cvalebad samyaroSi sakuTari mogebis myar an „normalur“ doneze SenarCunebas.
me gangeb vixmare sityva „saswauli“, raTa mkiTxveli gamomeyvana im TviTkmayofilebidan, romliTac Cven xSirad aRviqvamT aRniSnuli meqanizmis muSaobas, rogorc TavisTavads. mjera igi adamianis Canafiqris Sedegi rom yofiliyo da adamianebs, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben fasis cvlilebebiT, esmodeT, rom maTi gadawyvetilebebis mniSvneloba sagrZnoblad scildeba maTive uaxloesi miznis miRwevis farglebs, aRniSnul meqanizms adamianis gonis udides warmatebad aRiarebdnen. magram, samwuxarod, misi ubedureba ormagia _ erTi mxriv igi araa adamianuri Canafiqris Sedegi da meore mxriv adamianebma, romlebic am meqanizmiT xelmZRvaneloben, ar ician, Tu ratom arian isini iZulebuli akeTon is, rasac akeTeben. magram maT, vinc moiTxovs „gaazrebul marTvas“ – da vinc ver ijerebs, rom rames, rac Canafiqris gareSe (da Cven mier gaucnobiereblad) warmoiSva, xelewifeba im problemebis mogvareba, romlis gaazrebuli gadawyveta Cven ar ZalgviZs – unda axsovdeT Semdegi: problema zustad imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu rogor unda moxdes Cven mier resursebis gamoyenebis moculobis gafarToeba calkeuli gonis kontrolis SesaZleblobebis miRma; da Sesabamisad, rogor davaRwioT Tavi gaazrebuli kontrolis saWiroebas da rogor SevqmnaT iseTi garemo, romelic aiZulebs individebs sasurveli qmedebis ganxorcielebas ise, rom aravin iyos valdebuli miuTiTos maT amis Sesaxeb.
problema, romelsac aq vawydebiT, ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTisa. man SeiZleba Tavi iCinos yvela WeSmaritad socialur fenomenSi, rogoricaa ena da Cveni kulturuli memkvidreobis udidesi nawili da imavdroulad warmoadgens nebismieri socialuri mecnierebis mTavar Teoriul problemas. rogorc alfred uaThedma aRniSna sxva konteqstSi: „fundamenturi da mcdari truizmia, rasac imeorebs yvela anbanuri WeSmaritebebis krebuli da cnobili adamianebi TavianT gamosvlebSi, rom Cven unda viswavloT yvelafris gaazreba, rasac vakeTebT. realuri mdgomareoba diametralurad gansxvavebulia. civilizaciis ganviTareba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven ufro meti mniSvnelovani moqmedebis ganxorcieleba SegviZlia masze dafiqrebis gareSe.“ socialur sferoSi amas fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. Cven mudmivad viyenebT formulebs, simboloebs da wesebs, romelTa mniSvneloba Cven ar gvesmis da romelTa meSveobiT Cven viyenebT codnas, romelsac pirovnulad ar vflobT. aRniSnuli Cvevebi da institutebi Cven SevqmeniT im tradiciebsa da institutebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic warmatebuli aRmoCnda Sesabamis sferoSi da romlebic Sesabamisad Cven mier Seqmnili civilizaciis safuZveli gaxda.
fasis meqnizmi im qmnilebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romliTac adamianma isargebla (Tumca kvlavac Sorsaa misi optimaluri gamoyenebisagan), mas Semdeg rac igi mas waawyda SemTxveviT da gamoiyena igi, misi, rogorc movlenis, gaazrebis gareSe. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda ara marto Sromis danawileba, aramed Tanabrad ganawilebuli codnis safuZvelze resursebis koordinirebuli gamoyenebac. adamianebs, romlebic dascinian Sexedulebas, rom yvelaferi marTlac asea, rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego argumentad mohyavT mosazreba TiTqos igi amtkicebs, rom saswaulebrivad, spontanurad moxda iseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic saukeTesodaa morgebuli Tanamedrove civilizaciaze. sinamdvileSi yvelaferi piriqiTaa: adamianma SeZlo Sromis danawileba, rasac Cveni civilizacia efuZneba, imitom, rom igi gadaeyara im meTods, ramac es SesaZlebeli gaxada. ase rom ar momxdariyo, igi albaT mainc SeZlebda sxva, sruliad gansxvavebuli tipis, civilizaciis, magaliTad termitebis „saxelmwifos“ msgavis, an sxva, CvenTvis amJamad sruliad warmoudgeneli, saxis civilizaciis Seqmnas. Cven mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom dRemde veravin moaxerxa iseTi alternatiuli sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic arsebulis im Tvisebebs SeinarCunebda, ase mniSvnelovani romaa imaTTvisac ki, vinc yvelaze gulmodgineT esxmis mas Tavs – individis Tavisuflebis xarisxi _ unari, damoukideblad gansazRvros sakuTari miznebi da Sesabamisad Tavisuflad gamoiyenos sakuTari codna da unari.
VII
xelsayrelia mravali TvalsazrisiT, rom kamaTi rTuli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sazogadoebaSi racionaluri kalkulaciisaTvis fasis meqanizmis aucileblobis Sesaxeb aRar mimdinareobs mxolod gansxvavebuli politikuri Sexedulebebis banakebs Soris. Tezas, rom ver SevZlebT fasis meqanizmis gareSe Cveni, Sromis yovelmxriv danawilebas dafuZnebuli, sazogadoebis SenarCunebas, siciliT Sexvdenen, roca igi 25 wlis win wamoayena fon mizesma. dRes is sirTuleebi, ris gamoc zogs uWirs misi aRiareba aRar aris oden da mxolod politikuri, rac kritikuli diskusiisaTvis xelsayrel atmosferos qmnis. roca vxedavT rogor amtkicebs lev trocki, rom “ekonomikuri kalkulacia SeuZlebelia sabazro urTierTobebis gareSe”; roca profesori oskar lengi profesor fon mizess Zeglis dadgmas pirdeba momavalis centraluri dagegmvis samsaxuris marmarilos derefnebSi; da roca profesori abba f. lerneri adam smitis xelaxal aRmoCenas akeTebs aRniSnavs ra, rom fasis meqanizmis mTavari daniSnulebaa aiZulos individi, maSin roca igi sakuTari miznebis miRwevas cdilobs, gaakeTos is, rac saerTo interesSia, uTanxmoebis mizezi ukve ara mcdar politikur SexedulebebSi, aramed upiratesad inteleqtualur, ufro ki meTodologiur xasiaTis gansxvavebebSi unda veZioT.
wignSi “kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia” profesor iozef Sumpeteris mier gamoTqmuli azri naTeli magaliTia im meTodologiuri gansxvavebebisa, rasac me vgulisxmob. misi avtori im ekonomistTa saxelovani warmomadgenelia, romlebic ekonomikur fenomenebs pozitivizmis erTgvari ganStoebis perspeqtividan uyureben. aRniSnul fenomenebs saqonlis obieqturad mocemuli simravleebis saxe aqvs, romlebic, rogorc Cans, erTmaneTTan adamianis gonebis TiTqmis yovelgvari monawileobis gareSe modis urTierTqmedebaSi. mxolod aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SemiZlia gavigo Semdegi (CemTvis ucnauri) gancxadeba, rodesac profesori Sumpeteri amtkicebs, rom sawarmoo faqtorebis racionaluri gaangariSeba bazris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi TeoretikosisaTvis im “elementaruli garemoebidan gamomdinareobs, rom momxmarebeli samomxmareblo saqonlis SefasebiT (moTxovniT) ipso facto agreTve
afasebs produqciis im saSualebebs, romelic gamoyenebuli iqna am saqonlis warmoebisas.”1
sityva-sityviT Tu gavigebT, aRniSnuli mosazreba ubralod mcdaria. momxmarebeli msgavss arafers akeTebs. profesor Sumpeteris “ipso facto” savaraudod niSnavs, rom sawarmoo faqtorebis Sefaseba implicirebulia momxmareblis mier saqonlis SefasebaSi, an aucileblad gamomdinareobs am Sefasebidan. Tumca aRniSnuli mtkicebac arasworia. implikacia niSnavs logikur kavSirs, romelsac azri aqvs mxolod im gamonaTqvamebis SemTxvevaSi, erTi da igive gonisaTvis erTdroulad romaa warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom warmoebis faqtorebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia ara mxolod momxmareblis mier saqonlis Sefasebaze, aramed warmoebis faqtorebis miwodebis sxvadasxva pirobebzec. mocemuli faqtebidan pasuxi mxolod im gonisaTvis gamomdinareobs, romelic erTdroulad flobs yvela faqts. realuri problema ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom calkeuli goni am faqtebs arasodes flobs am formiT, da, Sesabamisad, problemis gadawyvetasaTvis aucilebelia mraval adamians Soris gafantuli codnis gamoyeneba.
aqedan gamomdinare, arafris mTqmelia imis mtkiceba, rom kerZo gonisaTvis yvela faqtis xelmisawvdomoba (rasac vuSvebT damkvirvebeli ekonomistis SemTxvevaSi) calsaxad ganapirobebs problemis mogvarebas; amis nacvlad unda vaCvenoT, Tu rogor xdeba es sinamdvileSi adamianebis urTierTqmedebis meSveobiT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, mxolod nawilobriv codnas floben. imis daSveba, rom mTlian codnas erTi kerZo goni flobs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc Cven vuSvebT, rom Cven mas vflobT rogorc ekonomistebi (romlebic mxolod ganvmartavT ekonomikur procesebs), niSnavs problemis ignorirebas da imis ugulvebelyofasac, rac mniSvnelovani da arsebiTia realur samyaroSi.
imas, rom profesor Sumpeteris reputaciis mqone ekonomisti gaeba im xafangSi, romelsac gaucnobierebel adamians ugebs “monacemis” cnebis bundovaneba, ver avxsniT rogorc ubralo Secdomas. igi ufro imaze mianiSnebs, rom fundamenturad mcdaria midgoma, romelic tradiciulad ugulvebelyofs CvenTvis saintereso fenomenis mniSvnelovan nawils _ adamianis codnis gadaulaxav arasrulyofilebas da Sesabamisad im procesis aucileblobas, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba codnis mudmivi komunikacia da SeZena. nebismieri mcdeloba, iseTi, magaliTad, rogoricaa maTematikuri ekonomikis didi nawili, misi sinqronuli gantolebebis CaTvliT, romelic amodis daSvebidan, rom adamianebis codna Seesabameba situaciis obieqtur faqtebs, sistematurad ugulvebelyofs imas, risi axsnac Cveni mTavari movaleobaa. me Sorsa var imisagan, rom uarvyo Cveni sistemisaTvis wonasworobis analizis mniSvneloba. magram, roca saqme iqamde midis, rom mas SecdomaSi Seyavs Cveni wamyvani moazrovneebi, ajerebs ra maT, rom situacias, romelsac is aRwers, uSualo mniSvneloba aqvs praqtikuli problemis gadawyvetisaTvis, aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom igi saerTod ar exeba socialur process da warmoadgens mxolod mosamzadebel samuSaos, Tumca sasargeblos, mTavari problemis kvlevis saqmeSi.
1 i. Sumpeteri, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York; Harper, 1942), gv. 175. Cemi rwmeniT profesori Sumpeteri im miTis avtoricaa, romlis mixedviTac paretom da baronma “amoxsnes” socialisturi kalkulaciis problema. rac maT, da bevrma sxvam, SeZles, es mxolod im pirobebis gansazRvraa, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes resursebis racionaluri gadanawileba da imis aRniSvna, rom es igivea, rac konkurentuli bazris wonasworobis pirobebi. es sruliad gansxvavdeba resursebis realuri alokaciis codnisagan, romelic unda akmayofilebdes aRniSnul pirobebs. TviTon pareto (romlisganac baronma aiRo yvelaferi, rac ki mas saTqmeli aqvs) Sors iyo mtkicebisagan, rom man SeZlo praqtikuli problemis gadawyveta, piriqiT, is pirdapir ambobs, rom misi gadawyveta SeuZlebelia bazris daxmarebis gareSe. ix. misi Manuel d’economie pure, (me-2 gamocema, 1927), gv. 233-34. Sesabamisi adgili inglisur enaze ixileT Cemi statiis dasawyisSi “Socialist Calculation: The Competitive “Solution”,” in Economica, New Series, Vol. VIII, No. 26 (May, 1940), gv. 125.
No comments:
Post a Comment