ekonomikuri mecniereba da codna

F. A. Hayek

(Targmna daTo xanTaZem)

I

winamdebare statiis saTauris orazrovneba araa SemTxveviTi da pirvel rigSi imis dadgenas gulisxmobs, Tu ra rols TamaSobs ekonomikis analizisas daSvebebi da mtkicebebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevris xelT arsebuli codnis Sesaxeb. magram es imavdroulod aucileblad moicavs kiTxvas, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT igive saTauriT – ramdenad gvaZlevs formaluri ekonomikuri analizi raime codnas realur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. Cemi mTavari mtkiceba iqneba, rom tavtologiebi, romlisganac ZiriTadad Sedgeba ekonomikis Teoriis wonasworobis formaluri analizi, mxolod imdenad SeiZleba gadaiqces iseT gamonaTqvamebad, romelic gvamcnobs realur samyaroSi arsebul mizez-SedegobriobiTi kavSiris arsebobas, ramdenadac SevZlebT am formaluri gamonaTqvamebis Sevsebas mkafio mtkicebebiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da gaziareba. mokled, me vamtkiceb, rom ekonomikis Teoriis empiriuli nawili – erTaderTi elementi, romelic dakavebulia ara marto implikaciebiT, aramed mizezebiT da SedegebiT, rasac mivyavarT iseT daskvnebTan, sul mcire, principulad rom eqvemdebarebian verificirebas – Sedgeba codnis SeZenis Sesaxeb gamonaTqvamebisgan.
albaT unda daviwyo im saintereso faqtis SexsenebiT, rom ukanasknel periodSi sxvadasxva sferoSi ganxorcielebulma mravalma mcdelobam, Teoriuli kvlevebi rogorme gacdenoda tradiciuli wonasworobis analizis sazRvrebs, gvaCvena, rom pasuxi damokidebulia im sakiTxTan dakavSirebul daSvebebze, romelic SeiZleba Cem mier dayenebuli sakiTxis identuri ar aris, magram mis nawils mainc warmoadgens, anu ganWvretis (foresight) Sesaxeb. ganWvretasTan dakavSirebuli diskusia gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria riskis Teoriis sferoSi. am TvalsazrisiT frank k. naiTis naSromiT gamowveul impulsebs, rogorc Cans, fundamenturi zegavlena aqvs TviT misi konkretuli sferos miRmac. cota xnis Semdeg ganWvretasTan dakavSirebiT Camosayalibebeli daSvebebi fundamenturi aRmoCnda, rogorc arasrulyofili konkurenciis Teoriis Tavsatexebis amosaxsnelad, aseve duopoliis da oligopoliis problemebis gadasawyvetad. Semdgom, sul ufro cxadi gaxda, rom fulisa da warmoebis arastabilurobasTan dakavSirebuli “dinamiuri” sakiTxebis ganxilvisas ara nakleb mniSvnelovania ganWvretasTan da “molodinebTan” dakavSirebuli daSvebebi, gansakuTrebiT is, rom am sferoebSi gadmoRebuli wonasworobis wminda analizis cnebebi, mag. sargeblis wonasworuli ganakveTi, sworad SeiZleba ganimartos mxolod WvretasTan dakavSirebuli daSvebebis meSveobiT. am SemTxvevaSi mdgomareoba ase gamoiyureba: sanam SevZlebT imis axsnas, Tu ratom Cadian adamianebi Secdomebs, manamde unda avxsnaT, zogadad ratom unda iqceodnen isini sworad.
rogorc Cans, zogadad, Cven ukve mivediT im mdgomareobamde, roca yvela vacnobierebT, rom wonasworobis cnebis ganmarteba da cxadi formulireba SesaZlebelia mxolod ganWvretasTan dakavSirebuli daSvebebis meSveobiT, Tumca jer SeiZleba ver vTanxmdebodeT, Tu konkretulad ra Sinaarsi unda qondes ZiriTad daSvebebs. am sakiTxs qvemoT kvlav davubrundebi. amJamad mxolod imis Cveneba msurs, rom arsebul mdgomareobaSi miznad ekonomikuri statikis sazRvrebis dadgenas visaxavT, magram Tu gvsurs mis miRma gasvla, Cvens argumentaciaSi ver avicilebT ganWvretasTan dakavSirebuli daSvebebis zusti adgilis dadgenis mtkivneul problemas. gvaqvs ki aq saqme ubralo SemTxveviTobasTan?
rogorc ukve avRniSne, amis mizezi, Cemi azriT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saqme gvaqvs ufro didi sakiTxis specifikur aspeqtTan, romelic gacilebiT adreul etapze unda SegvemCnia. msgavsi kiTxvebi maSinve Cndeba, roca vcdilobT tavtologiebis sistema – rigi gamonaTqvamebisa, romlebic aucileblad WeSmaritia, radgan isini mxolod im daSvebebis transformaciaa, saidanac amovdivarT da romelic warmoadgens wonasworobis analizis ZiriTad Sinaars – gamoviyenoT iseTi sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic mravali damoukidebeli wevrisagan Sedgeba. didi xania vgrZnob, rom TviT wonasworobis cnebas da meTodebs, romlebsac viyenebT wminda analizisas, mxolod maSin gaaCniaT cxadi mniSvneloba, roca isini calkeuli individis qcevis analiziT Semoifarglebian da roca maTi meSveobiT vcdilobT sxvadasxva individebis urTierTqmedebis axsnas namdvilad sxva sferoSi gadavdivarT da farulad Semogvaqvs sruliad gansxvavebuli saxis elementi.
mjera, bevri mouTmenlad da undoblobiT akvirdeba wonasworobis Tanamedrove analizis tendenciebs _ cdas, gadaaqcios ekonomikis mecniereba wminda logikis ganStoebad, romelic Sedgeba cxadi gamonaTqvamebisagan, da maTematikis da geometriis msgavsad, aranair Semowmebas rom ar eqvemdebarebian garda Sida gamarTulobisa. magram, rogorc Cans, am procesis sakmarisi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, igi TviTon migviyvans problemis gadawyvetamde. ekonomikuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb Cveni msjelobidan WeSmaritad a priori elementebis gamocalkevebiT, Cven ara marto mTlianad gamovyofT Cveni msjelobis erT elements rogorc arCevanis wminda logikas, aramed aseve gamovyofT da xazs vusvamT meore elementis mniSvnelobas, bolo dromde ase rom iyo ugulvebelyofili. Cem mier ukanaskneli ekonomikuri Teoriis sul ufro mzardi formalizaciis tendenciebis kritika imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom isini Zalian win wavida, aramed imaSi, rom isini sakmarisad ar ganviTarda, raTa dasrulebuliyo logikis aRniSnuli sferos izolacia da dagvebrunebina Tavis kuTvnil adgilze mizez-SedegobriobiTi procesebis kvleva, Tavis instrumentad ekonomikis formalur Teorias maTematikis msgavsad rom gamoiyenebda.

II

magram, sanam davadastureb Cemi mtkicebis marTebulobas, rom socialuri urTierTobebis asaxsnelad uSualod ver gamoviyenebT wonasworobis wminda analizis tavtologiur gamonaTqvamebs, manadme unda vaCveno: pirveli, rom wonasworobis cnebas azri mxolod calkeuli individis qmedebebis analizisas aqvs da meore, Tu raSi mdgomareobs igi. Cemi mtkicebis sapirispirod SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wonasworobis cnebas swored am SemTxvevaSi ar gaaCnia aranairi mniSvneloba, radgan misi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi, ris Tqmasac SevZlebdiT, isaa, rom konkretuli individi yovelTvis iyo wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi. es ukanaskneli mtkiceba, Tumca truizmia, mxolod imas gvaCvenebs, Tu, rogorc wesi, rogor xdeba wonasworobis cnebis araswori gamoyeneba. mniSvnelovania ara calkeuli individis, rogorc aseTis, wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi yofna, aramed is, Tu misi qmedebebidan romeli aris erTmaneTTan wonasworobaSi. wonasworobis analizis yvela mtkiceba, rogoricaa mag. _ SedarebiTi Rirebuleba Seesabameba SedarebiT danaxarjebs, an pirovneba gamoaTanabrebs nebismieri sawarmoo faqtoris zRvrul Semosavals, misi gansxvavebuli gamoyenebisas, warmoadgens mtkicebebs qmedebebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb. adamianis qmedebebi mxolod imdenad SegviZlia wonasworobis mdgomareobSi myofad miviCnioT, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia maTi erTi gegmis nawilad aRqma. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es marTlac asea da, Tu am qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetileba miRebul iqna erTsa da imave dros, erTi da igive garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Cveni gamonaTqvamebis gamoyeneba maTi urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb, romlebic gamomdinareoben aRniSnuli piris codnasTan da preferenciebTan dakavSirebuli Cvenive daSvebebidan. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom e.w. “monacemebi”, romelsac veyrdnobiT amgvari analizisas warmoadgens faqtebs, romlebic mocemulia swored aRniSnuli adamianisaTvis (Tu ar CavTvliT mis gemovnebas), anu imas, rac man icis (an sjera, rom icis) maT Sesaxeb, da isini, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, ar warmoadgens obieqtur faqtebs. mxolod amis gamoa Cven mier gamoyvanili mtkicebebi aucileblad a priori WeSmariti´da amitom vaxerxebT Cveni argumentaciis damajereblobis SenarCunebas.
aqedan gamomdinareobs ori daskvna: pirveli _ radgan wonasworuli urTierToba pirovnebis Tanmimdevrul qmedebebs Soris mxolod imdenad arsebobs, ramdenadac isini erTi da igive gegmis ganxorcielebis nawils warmoadgens, pirovnebis codnis nebismieri cvlileba, anu iseTi cvlileba, rac mas gegmas acvlevinebs, wyvets wonasworul urTierTobas mis xelT arsebul codnasa da am codnis ganaxlebis Semdgom ganxorcielebul qmedebebs Soris. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, wonasworuli urTierTobebi moicavs mxolod im qmedebebs, romlebsac is anxorcielebs im periodis manZilze, roca marTebulia misi molodinebi. meore – radgan wonasworoba qmedebebs Soris kavSirs warmoadgens, da radganac pirovnebis qmedebebi mxolod droSi xorcieldeba, cxadia, rom drois aspeqti arsebiTia. Rirs amis aRniSvna, radgan mraval ekonomists, rogorc Cans, dRemde uWirda wonasworobis analizSi epova drois adgili da Sesabamisad varaudobda, rom wonasworoba drois miRma unda iqnas aRqmuli. Cemi azriT wonasworobis cnebis aseTi saxis interpretacia mas uSinaarsos xdis.

I I I

miuxedavad wonasworobis analizis am gagebiT sabazro ekonomikis sistemis pirobebSi gamoyenebis saeWvo mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa, me, ra Tqma unda, ar msurs imis uaryofa, rom cneba dasawyisSi SemoRebul iqna sxvadasxva individebis qmedebebs Soris garkveuli saxis wonasworobis aRwerisaTvis. rasac aqamde vamtkicebdi, aris mxolod is, rom ra gagebiTac viyenebT wonasworobis cnebas garkveuli pirovnebis sxvadasxva qmedebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris aRwerisas, es ar iZleva sxvadasxva individebis qmedebebs Soris kavSiris aRwerisaTvis misi avtomaturad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. kiTxva imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu ra mniSvnelobas vaniWebT am cnebas, roca vlaparakobT wonasworobaze sabazro ekonomikis sistemasTan mimarTebaSi.
savaraudod Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinare pirveli pasuxi aris is, rom wonasworoba am SemTxvevaSi maSin arsebobs, Tu sazogadoebis yvela wevris yvela qmedeba garkveuli periodis manZilze TiTeuli wevris Sesabamisi individualuri gegmis ganxorcielebas warmoadgens, romelic TiTeulma maTganma am periodis dasawyisSi Camoayaliba. magram, roca davufiqrdebiT, Tu ras niSnavs es konkretulad, aRmoCndeba, rom igi ufro met kiTxvebs warmoSobs, vidre iZleva pasuxebs. advilia warmovidginoT kerZo pirovneba (an pirovnebaTa jgufi, erT-erTi maTganisagan marTuli), romelic garkveuli drois manZilze winaswar Camoyalibebuli gegmis mixedviT moqmedebs. am SemTxvevaSi, gegmis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba ar unda akmayofilebdes raime kriteriums. igi, ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba efuZnebodes mcdar daSvebebs gare faqtebTan dakavSirebiT da amis gamo SeiZleba aucilebeli gaxdes misi Secvla. magram yovelTvis iarsebebs gare faqtebis SesaZlo simravle, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis gegmis Tavdapirveli Canafiqris Sesabamisad ganxorcielebas.
Tumca situacia gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva pirovnebebis mier erTdroulad, magram erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad Camoyalibebuli gegmebis SemTxvevaSi. yvela am gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis pirvel rigSi aucilebelia, rom TiToeuli maTgani gare faqtebis erTi da igive wesrigs efuZnebodnes, radgan, Tu sxvadasxva individi sakuTar gegmas gare faqtebTan mimarTebaSi winaaRmdegobriv molodinebze daafuZnebda, gare faqtebis veranairi konstelacia ver gaxdida SesaZlebels yvela am gegmis ganxorcielebas. meore rigSi ki gacvlaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi individebis gegmebi garkveul doneze aucileblad moicavs iseT qmedebebs, sxva individebis mxridan Sesabamis qmedebebs rom moiTxovs. es niSnavs, rom calkeuli individebis gegmebi erTmaneTTan Tavsebadi unda iyos specifikuri mniSvnelobiT, raTa potenciurad mainc arsebobdes yoveli maTganis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba. anu, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, radgan zogierTi mocemuloba, romelzec nebismieri individi daafuZnebs sakuTar gegmebs, aucileblad Seicavs molodins, rom sxva individebi garkveul qmedebebs ganaxorcieleben, amitom sxvadasxva gegmebis TavsebadobisaTvis arsebiTia, rom calkeuli individis gegmebi swored im qmedebebs Seicavdes, romlebic sxva individis gegmebis mocemulobas warmoadgens.
wonasworobis tradiciuli analizi aRniSnuli sirTulis nawils Tavs aridebs im daSvebis meSveobiT, rom monacemebi, warmodgenili moTxovnis grafikis formiT, individualur saWiroebas da teqnikur faqtebs´rom Seicavs, Tanabradaa cnobili yvela individisaTvis da radganac isini erTi da igive pirobebidan gamomdinare moqmedeben, es SesaZlebels gaxdis maTi gegmebis Tavsebadobas. xSirad Tqmula, rom aRniSnuli ver xsnis im sirTules, romelic gamomdinareobs faqtidan, rom erTi pirovnebis qmedebebi meore pirovnebis mocemulobas warmoadgens da igi garkveul doneze argumentaciis Caketil wres Seicavs. Tumca aqamde ar Tqmula, rom mTlianad es argumentacia ufro zogadi xasiaTis aRrevas warmoadgens da zemoxsenebuli mosazreba misi mxolod konkretuli magaliTia, da “monacemis” cnebis orazrovnebiTaa ganpirobebuli. is monacemebi, romlebic obieqtur faqtebad ivaraudeba da yvelasaTvis erTi da igivea, cxadia, aRar aris igive monacemebi, romelic warmoadgenda arCevanis wminda logikis tavtologiuri gardaqmnebis aTvlis wertils. maSin “monacemebi” niSnavda faqtebs, da mxolod im faqtebs, romlebic mocemuli iyo konkretuli individisaTvis da mxolod “monacemis” cnebis subieqturma gagebam gaxada aRniSnuli mtkicebebi uciloblad WeSmariti. “monacemi” niSnavda Sesabamisi pirovnebisTvis mocemuls, cnobils. magram calkeuli individis qmedebis analizidan sazogadoebis mdgomareobis analizze gadasvlisas am cnebis Sinaarsma cbieri cvlileba ganicada.

I V

monacemis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli gaugebroba Cvens sferoSi imden sirTules warmoqmnis, rom aucilebelia misi ufro detalurad gaanalizeba. monacemi, ra Tqma unda, mocemuls niSnavs, magram kiTxva, romelic Riad rCeba, da romelzec socialur mecnierebebSi ori gansxvavebuli pasuxia SesaZlebeli, mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu visTvis iTvleba faqtebi mocemulad. Eekonomistebi, rogorc Cans, aracnobierad yovelTvis grZnobdnen uxerxulobas amasTan dakavSirebiT da Tavi rom daecvaT im usiamovno grZnobisgan, rom maT zustad ar icodnen visTvisaa faqtebi mocemuli, xazs usvamdnen mis mocemulobas iseTi zedmeti gamonaTqvamiT rogoricaa “mocemuli monacemebi”. magram es mainc ar pasuxobs kiTxvas, Tu vin flobs aRniSnul faqtebs, damkvirvebeli ekonomisti Tu isini visi moqmedebebis axsnasac igi cdilobs da, am SemTxvevaSi, ivaraudeba, rom sxvadasxva pirebisaTvis erTi da igive faqtebia cnobili, Tu sxvadasxva pirebisaTvis cnobili “monacemebi” erTmaneTisagan SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen.
eWvgareSea, rom “monacemTa” orgvari gageba, anu erTi mxriv obieqturi, realuri faqtebi, romelsac, ivaraudeba, rom flobs damkvirvebeli ekonomisti da meore mxriv gagebuli subieqturad, pirovnebebaTa warmodgenebis Sesabamisad, romelTa qmedebebis axsnasac visaxavT miznad, erTmaneTisagan fundamenturad gansxvavdeba da erTmaneTisagan mkafiodac unda gavacalkevoT da, rogorc Cven vnaxavT, kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba, rom monacemebi subieqturi gagebiT Seesabameba obieqtur monacemebs, erT-erTi mTavari problemaa, romelze pasuxic Cven unda vipovoT.
am ori cnebis gancalkevebis sargeblobas maSinve davinaxavT, roca Cven mas gamoviyenebT imis garkvevisas, Tu ras vgulisxmobT, roca vambobT, rom sazogadoeba wonasworul mdgomareobaSia. cxadia, gamonaTqvami, rom sxva da sxva individebisTvis mocemuli subieqturi monacemebi da misgan gamomdinare individualuri gegmebi, erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi modian, SeiZleba ornairad gaviT. Cven SeiZleba ubralod vigulisxmoT, rom es gegmebi urTierTTavsebadia da potenciurad arsebobs gare faqtebis iseTi wyoba, romelic yvela individs sakuTari gegmis ganxorcielebis saSualebas aZlevs da arasodes iwvevs imedgacruebas. rom ar arsebobdes ganzraxvaTa es urTierTTavsebadoba, calsaxad SegveZleboda gveTqva, rom es ar aris wonasworuli mdgomareoba, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, gare faqtebis wesrigis veranairi simravle ver moaxerxebda yvela molodinis dakmayofilebas,. Cven saqme gvaqvs mdgomareobasTan, romelic gardauvals xdis, sul mcire, zogierTi adamianis mier gegmebis Secvlas, anu, rom gamoviyenoT fraza, romelsac warsulSi sakmod bundovani mniSvneloba hqonda, magram romelic Cvens SemTxvevas idealurad ergeba, aucilebeli xdeba “endogenuri” darRvevebi.
Tumca kvlav gasarkvevia, ramdenad Seesabameba individebis subieqturi monacemebi obieqturs da, Sedegad, ramdenad aris molodinebi, romlebsac efuZneba gegmebi, dadasturebuli obieqturi faqtebiT. monacemTa Soris aseTi Tanxvedris saWiroebisas, mxolod retrospeqtulad, im periodis bolos, romlisTvisac SemuSavda gegmebi, SeiZleboda Tqma iyo Tu ara sazogadoeba Tavidan wonasworul mdgomareobaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli tradiciidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vTqvaT rom wonasworoba, pirveli ganmartebis mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba dairRves (obieqturi) monacemebis gauTvaliswinebeli ganviTarebis gamo da is SegviZlia aRvweroT rogorc eqsogenuri darRveva. sinamdvileSi (obieqturi) monacemebis cvlilebis cnebas, romelsac ase xSirad viyenebT, mxolod maSin aqvs konkretuli mniSvneloba, roca vadgenT gare samyaros ganviTarebas Cveni molodinebis Sesabamis da gansxvavebul SemTxvevebs Soris da “cvlilebad” ganvsazRvravT faqtobriv da navaraudeb ganviTarebas Soris arsebul nebismier gansxvavebas, miuxedavad imisa niSnavs Tu ara es “cvlilebas” absoluturi gagebiT. magaliTad ucbad rom Sewydes weliwadis droTa monacvleoba da raRac TariRis Semdeg amindi ucvleli darCes, es, ra Tqma unda, Cveni gagebiT monacemTa cvlilebas warmoadgens, anu, cvlilebas Cvens molodinTan mimarTebaSi, Tumca absoluturi gagebiT es iqneboda ara cvlileba, aramed piriqiT cvlilebis ar arseboba. magram es niSnavs, rom Cven mxolod maSin SegviZlia vilaparakoT monacemTa cvlilebaze, Tu arsebobs wonasworoba pirveli ganmartebis Sesabamisad, anu, Tu gvaqvs molodinebis Tanxvedra. isini erTmaneTs rom ewinaaRmdegebodnen, gare faqtebis nebismieri ganviTareba zogierTis molodins daadasturebs, zogierTisas ki ara da SeuZlebeli iqneba imis dadgena, Tu raSi mdgomareobda obieqturi monacemebis cvlileba.

V

sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT wonasworul mdgomareobaze drois garkveuli momentisaTvis _ magram es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom gansxvavebuli gegmebi, romlebic individebma Seadgines droSi moqmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad, urTierTTavsebadia. da wonasworoba, misi miRwevis Semdeg, manamde gagrZeldeba, sanam gare monacemebi Seesabameba sazogadoebis yvela wevris saerTo molodinebs. am gagebiT wonasworuli mdgomareobis xangrZlivoba ar aris damokidebuli mudmivobaze obieqturi monacemebis absoluturi gagebiT da ar aris aucileblad mibmuli ucvlel procesze. wonasworobis analizis gamoyeneba principulad SesaZlebeli xdeba dinamiur sazogadoebis da fasebis garkveuli drois monakveTSi urTierTobebis SemTxvevaSi, ramac amdeni Tavsatexi Segviqmna ukanasknel dros.
es msjeloba, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovnad fens Suqs wonasworobasa da ganWvretas Soris arsebul kavSirs, rac ukanasknel periodSi cxare debatebis sagans warmoadgenda. Cans, rom wonasworobis cneba mxolod imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevris ganWvreta sworia specifikuri gagebiT. igi swori unda iyos im gagebiT, rom yoveli pirovnebis gegma efuZneba sxva pirebis mxridan swored im qmedebebis ganxorcielebis molodins, rasac gegmaven es sxva pirebi da yvela es gegma efuZneba erTi da igive gare faqtebis molodins, ise rom garkveuli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi aravis eqneba gegmis Secvlis mizezi. swori ganWvreta, am SemTxvevaSi ar aris, rogorc xandaxan esmodaT, is aucilebeli winapiroba, romlis gareSec ver xerxdeba wonasworobis miRweva. igi ufro wonasworuli mdgomareobis ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa. aseve ar aris aucilebeli, rom ganWvreta am miznisTvis iyos srulyofili im gagebiT, rom igi unda moicavdes usasrulo momavals, an yvela yvelafers sworad unda ganWvretdes. ufro marTebuli iqneboda, Tu vityodiT, rom wonasworoba gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ganWvreta sworia da, rom is aseTi unda iyos mxolod im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, rac mniSvnelovania individebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis. imas, Tu ra sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT unda iyos marTebuli ganWvreta, mogvianebiT davubrundebi.
sanam gavagrZelebde msjelobas, umjobesi iqneba SevCerde erT konkretul magaliTze, raTa naTlad vaCveno is, rac vTqvi wonasworuli mdgomareobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb da isic, Tu rogor SeiZleba misi darRveva. magaliTad, aviRoT mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, romlebic xorcieldeba saxlebis mSeneblobis mizniT. aguris mwarmoeblebi, wyalgayvanilobis ostatebi da sxvebi awarmoeben masalebs, romlebic yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi Seesabameba konkretuli raodenobis saxlebs, romlis asaSenebladac masalebis es raodenobaa aucilebeli. Cven SegviZlia, aseve, warmovidginoT potenciuri myidvelebi, romlebic akeTeben danazogebs, maT garkveul dros, konkretuli raodenobis saxlebis SeZenas rom SeaZlebinebs. Tu yvela es qmedeba warmoadgens erTi da igive raodenobis saxlebis aSenebis (da SeZenis) mosamzadebel RonisZiebas, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom maT Soris arsebobs wonasworoba im gagebiT, rom am procesSi CarTul yvela pirovnebas SeuZlia CaTvalos, rom SeZlebs sakuTari gegmis ganxorcielebas. es SeiZleba ase ar moxdes, radgan sxva garemoebebi, romlebic ar aris maTi samoqmedo gegmis nawili, SeiZleba maTi molodinisagan gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes. masalis nawili SeiZleba ganadgurdes katastrofis Sedegad, amindma SeiZleba SeuZlebeli gaxados mSenebloba, an gamogonebam Secvalos sxvadasxva sawarmoo faqtorebis proporcia, romelic saWiroa mSeneblobisaTvis. swored imas vuwodebT Cven (gare) monacemebis cvlilebas, rac arRvevs arsebul wonasworul mdgomareobas. magram Tu sxvadasxva gegma Tavidanve urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi iyo, maSin, rac ar unda moxdes, gardauvalia zogierTi maTganis CaSla da masSi cvlilebebis Setana, ris Sedegadac garkveuli periodisaTvis dagegmili qmedebebis erTobliobas aRar eqneba is Tvisebebi, rogorc im SemTxvevaSi, roca TiToeuli individis qmedeba SegviZlia gavigoT rogorc erTiani gegmis nawili, romelic man dasawyisSi Camoayaliba.

V I

roca xazs vusvam mxolod individualur gegmebs Soris urTierT-Tavsebadobas da maT Sesabamisobas arsebul gare faqtebTan an obieqtur monacemebTan, ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmob, rom zogadad gamoricxulia subieqturi urTierTSeTanxmebis miRweva gare faqtebis meSveobiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu ar iqneboda erTi da igive obieqturi faqtebis aRqma, ar iarsebebda arc Sesabamisoba sxvadasxva individebis subieqtur monacemTa Soris. saqme imaSia, rom wonasworobis wminda analizi ar ikvlevs imas, Tu rogor SeiZleba am Sesabamisobis miRweva. arsebuli wonasworuli mdgomareobis aRwerisas, rasac iZleva es Teoria, ubralod ivaraudeba, rom subieqturi monacemebi emTxveva obieqturs. wonasworuli urTierTobebi ar gamomdinareobs obieqturi faqtebidan, radgan analizi imisa, Tu ras moimoqmedeben adamianebi mxolod iqidan SeiZleba amodiodes, Tu ra aris maTTvis cnobili. aseve SeuZlebelia wonasworobis analizi amodiodes mocemul subieqtur monacemTa simravlidan, radgan gansxavebuli individebis subieqturi monacemebi SeiZleba iyos, an ar iyos Tavsebadi, anu isini Tavidanve gansazRvravdnen, arsebobda Tu ara wonasworoba.
msjelobis gagrZlebamde aucileblad unda gavarkvioT, ratomaa CvenTvis mniSvnelovani, rasac yvela aRiarebs, fiqtiuri wonasworobis mdgomareoba. rac ar unda amtkicon drodadro ,,wminda’’ ekonomikuri Teoriis mimdevrebma, eWvgareSea, rom misi erTaderTi gamarTleba imaSia, rom ivaraudeba wonasworobisken mimarTuli tendenciis arseboba. mxolod am mtkicebis daxmarebiT, rom arsebobs aseTi saxis tendencia, scdeba ekonomikuri mecniereba wminda logikis sazRvrebs da xdeba empiriuli mecniereba; da swored ekonomika, rogorc empiriuli mecniereba, aris is, rac Cven gvainteresebs.
wonasworuli mdgomareobis Cveni analizidan gamomdinare advili unda iyos imis dadgena, Tu ras niSnavs imis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs tendencia wonasworobisaken. es mxolod imas SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas ivaraudeba, rom sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebis ganzraxvebi sul ufro SeTanxmebuli xdeba, an igive rom vTqvaT nakleb zogadad da nakleb zustad, magram ufro konkretulad _ adamianebis da gansakuTrebiT mewarmeebis molodinebi sul ufro marTebuli xdeba. am saxiT imis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs wonasworobisaken tendencia, calsaxad empiriuli gamonaTqvamia, anu, es aris mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba realur samyaroSi, rac, sul cota, principulad, unda eqvemdebarebodes verifikacias. es ki Cvens odnav zogad gamonaTqvams ufro damajerebel da saRi gonebisaTvis misaRebs xdis. erTaderTi problema imaSia, rom Cven kvlav SedarebiT cota viciT (a) im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romelTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ivaraudeba am tendenciis arseboba da (b) im procesis bunebis Sesaxeb, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba individualuri codnis cvlileba.

V I I

wonasworobis tradiciuli analizi, rogorc wesi, iseT STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu rogor xdeba wonasworobis miRweva, CvenTvis cnobilia. magram ufro kargad Tu davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom es cxadi mtkicebebi araferia Tu ara imis damtkiceba, rac ukve arsebobs daSvebebis saxiT. is xerxi, romelic, rogorc wesi, am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, aris srulyofili bazris daSveba, sadac nebismieri SemTxveva imwamsve xdeba cnobili bazris yvela monawilisaTvis. aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom ar aris sakmarisi srulyofili bazari, romelic wonasworobis analizis daSvebebs unda akmayofilebdes, Semoifarglebodes romelime saqonlis konkretuli bazriT; aramed unda davuSvaT, rom mTliani ekonomikuri sistema warmoadgens srulyofil bazars, sadac yvelam yvelaferi icis. Sedegad, srulyofili bazris daSveba gulisxmos, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevri, Tu ara yovlis mcodne, Tundac avtomaturad yvelafris mcodnea, rac mniSvnelovania misi gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis. rogorc Cans is ConCxi Cvens karadaSi, “homo economicus”-i, romelic Cven locviT da marxviT gavdevneT, dabrunda ukana karidan kvazi-yovlismcodne individis saxiT.
mtkiceba, rom yovlismcodne adamianebi wonasworul mdgomarebobaSi arian, WeSmaritia, radgan swored ase ganvmartavT wonasworobas. am gagebiT srulyofili bazris daSveba imis kidev erTxel gacxadebas niSnavs, rom wonasworoba arsebobs, magram es saerTod arafers gveubneba, Tu rodis da rogor xdeba aseTi mdgomareobis miRweva. cxadia, Tu gvsurs imis mtkiceba, rom garkveuli pirobebis arsebobisas adamianebi miaRweven am mdgomareobas, maSin Cven unda avxsnaT is procesi, romlis meSveobiTac iZenen isini aucilebel codnas. ra Tqma unda nebismier daSvebas am procesis ganmavlobaSi codnis SeZenis Sesaxeb hipoTeturi xasiaTi eqneba. Tumca, es imas ar niSnavs, rom aseTi saxis yvela daSveba erTnairad gamarTlebulia. Cven saqme gvaqvs mizez-SedegobriobasTan dakavSirebul daSvebebTan da aqedan gamomdinare rasac davuSvebT ara marto SesaZleblad unda CaiTvalos (rac, ra Tqma unda, ase ar aris, Tu adamianebs yovlismcodneT miviCnevT), aramed savaraudod WeSmaritadac; da SesaZlebeli unda iyos, sul mcire, imis Cveneba, rom igi WeSmaritia konkretul SemTxvevaSi.
am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom swored es, TiTqosda damxmare daSvebebi Tu hipoTezebi, rom adamianebi gamocdilebis meSveobiT swavloben da imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iZenen isini codnas, Cveni mtkicebebis empiriul nawils Seadgens realur samyaroSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. rogorc wesi, maT saxecvlili da arasruli saxiT vxvdebiT, rogorc bazris im saxeobis aRweras, romlebsac Cveni mtkicebebi exeba; magram es ufro zogadi problemis mxolod erTi, Tumca albaT yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani mxarea problemisa, Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da gadacema. mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romlis gaTvaliswinebac ekonomistebs xSirad aviwydebaT, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am hipoTezebis buneba mravalmxriv gansxvavdeba im daSvebebisagan, rasac arCevanis wminda logika efuZneba. Cemi azriT maT Soris ori saxis mTavari gansxvaveba arsebobs:
pirveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is daSvebebi, saidanac arCevanis wminda logika amodis, warmoadgens faqtebs, romelic Cven viciT, rom saerToa adamianis azrovnebisaTvis. isini SeiZleba aqsiomebad miviCnioT, romlebic gansazRvraven im sferos, romlis farglebSic Cven SegviZlia gavigoT an warmovidginoT sxva adamianebis azrovnebis procesebi. Sedegad isini mTlianad miesadageba im sferos, romelic gvainteresebs, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, imis dadgena, Tu sad gadis am sferos sazRvrebi, empiriuli sakiTxia. isini adamianis qmedebis garkveul saxeobas exebian (rasac Cven zogadad “racionalurs”, an ubralod “cnobiers” vuwodebT, “instiqturi” qmedebisagan gansxvavebiT) da ara im konkretul pirobebs, ra SemTxvevaSic xdeba am qmedebis ganxorcieleba. magram daSvebebi, Tu hipoTezebi, romelic unda SevimuSavoT, roca gvsurs socialuri procesis axsna, exeba individis azrovnebasa da gare samyaros Soris arsebul kavSirs, anu imas, Tu ramdenad da rogor Seesabameba misi codna gare faqtebs. amitom hipoTezebi aucileblad unda warmoadgendnen mtkicebebs mizez-SedegobriobiTi kavSirebis Sesaxeb, anu rogor warmoSobs gamocdileba codnas.
meore gansxvaveba imaSi mgomareobs, rom maSin roca arCevanis wminda logikis sferoSi Cveni analizi SeiZleba amomwuravi iyos, anu, am SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia formaluri instrumentebis SemuSaveba, romelic yvela SesaZlo mdgomareobas Seicavs, damatebiTi hipoTezebi aucileblad SerCeviTi unda iyos _ uTvalavi SesaZlo mdgomareobidan unda SevarCioT is idealuri tipebi, romlebic, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, Cveni azriT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania realur samyaroSi arsebuli pirobebisaTvis. ra Tqma unda, Cven SegveZlo Segveqmna damoukidebeli mecnieruli disciplina, romlis kvlevis sagani, Tavisi gansazRvrebidan gamomdinare mibmuli iqneboda “srulyofil bazarze”, an raime msgavsi saxiT ganmartebul obieqtze ise, rogorc arCevanis wminda logika mxolod iseT pirovnebebs miesadageba, romlebmac unda gadaanawilon SezRuduli resursebi sxvadasxva miznebs Soris. amgvarad gansazRvruli sferosaTvis Cveni mtkicebebi a priori WeSmariti iqneboda, magram aseTi qmedebis gamarTlebas Cven ver SevZlebdiT, rac imis daSvebaSi mdgomareobs, rom realur samyaroSi arsebuli mdgomareoba Cvens daSvebebSi nagulisxmeb mdgomareobas Seesabameba.

V I I I

axla unda davubrunde im sakiTxs, Tu konkretulad raSi mdgomareobs im pirobebTan dakavSirebuli hipoTezebi, romlis drosac, savaraudod, adamianebi iZenen saWiro codnas da rogor warmogvidgenia sakuTriv procesi, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba codnis SeZena. im hipoTezebis mniSvnelobis garkvevis mizniT, romlebsac viyenebT am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, isini unda gavaanalizoT ori aspeqtiT: pirvel rigSi unda davadginoT, aris Tu ara isini aucilebeli da sakmarisi, rom axsnas moZraoba wonasworuli mdgomareobisaken, da unda vaCvenoT, Tu ramdenad dasturdeba isini realobis mier. magram, vSiSob, axla vuaxlovdebi im zRvars, roca uaRresad rTuli xdeba imis Tqma, Tu konkretulad ra daSvebebis safuZvelze vamtkicebT, rom iarsebebs tendencia wonasworuli mdgomareobisaken da SegveZleba vTqvaT, rom Cveni analizi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realur samyaroSi. ar SemiZlia viamayo, TiTqos am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT didi winsvla mqondes. Sesabamisad, yvelaferi, risi gakeTebac SemiZlia, im kiTxvebis dayenebaSi mdgomareobs romlebzec Cven pasuxi unda vipovoT, Tu gvsurs sicxade SevitanoT Cveni argumentis mniSvnelobaSi.
wonasworobis misaRwevad saWiro erTaderTi piroba, romlis aucileblobazec ekonomistebi TiTqmis erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian, “monacemTa ucvlelobaa”. magram mas Semdeg rac vnaxeT “monacemis” cnebis bundovaneba, unda vivaraudoT, da savsebiT marTebuladac, rom es Cven did daxmarebas ver gagviwevs. Tundac davuSvaT _ rac albaT asec unda gavakeToT – rom am SemTxvevaSi cneba Tavis obieqturi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba (es, rogorc gvaxsovs, sxvadasxva individebis preferenciebsac Seicavs), sruliad gaurkvevelia, aris Tu ara igi saWiro an sakmarisi, raTa adamianebma realurad SeZlon saWiro codnis SeZena, Tu warmoadgens gamonaTqvams im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic isini amas miaRwevdnen. mniSvnelovania, rom zogierTi avtori aucileblad Tvlis “srulyofili codnis”, rogorc damatebiTi da damoukidebeli pirobis mimatebas. Cven, ra Tqma unda, davinaxavT, rom obieqturi monacemebis arseboba arc aucilebeli da arc sakmarisi pirobaa. is, rom is ar aris aucilebeli piroba, iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom, pirvel rigSi, aravin moisurvebs misi absoluturi gagebiT interpretacias, anu, rom araferi unda icvlebodes samyaroSi, da, meore mxriv, rogorc ukve davinaxeT, Tu gvsurs im cvlilebebis gaTvaliswineba, romelic periodulad xdeba an Tundac im cvlilebebisa, romlebic myarad viTardeba, ucvlelobis axsnis erTaderTi SesaZlebloba misi molodinebTan mimarTebaSi ganmartebaa. yvelaferi, rasac es moTxovna niSnavs, aris is, rom samyaroSi unda arsebobdes erTgvari wesrigi, rac movlenebis swor winaswarmetyvelebas SegvaZlebinebda. maSin roca cxadia, rom es ar aris sakmarisi imis dasamtkiceblad, rom adamianebi movlenebis swor ganWvretas iswavlian, igive aranakleb marTebulia monacemTa absoluturi gagebiT ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSic. nebismieri individisaTvis monacemTa ucvleloba ar niSnavs misgan damoukidebeli yvela faqtis ucvlelobas, radgan, ra Tqma unda, am gagebiT sxva adamianebis mxolod gemovneba da ara qmedebebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ucvlelad. radgan yvela es adamiani Secvlis Tavis gadawyvetilebas im gamocdilebis Sedegad, rasac isini gare faqtebis da sxva adamianebis qmedebebis Sesaxeb SeiZenen, ar arsebobs mizezi, Tu ratom unda Sewydes odesme TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebis es procesi. es problemebi kargad aris cnobili da aq mxolod imitom avRniSnav, rom SegaxsenoT, Tu ramdenad cota ram viciT im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic moxdeba wonasworobis miRweva. magram me ar gavagrZeleb am mimarTulebiT msjelobas, ara imitom, rom es, empiriuli albaTobis, sakiTxi, rom adamianebi iswavlian (anu, maTi subieqturi monacemebi urTierTSesabamisobaSi da SesatyvisobaSi iqneba obieqtur faqtebTanac) ar moicavs uamrav gadauwyvetav da saintereso problemas. amis mizezi ufro imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cemi azriT arsebobs sxva, ufro nayofieri gza centraluri problemis gadasawyvetad.

I X

sakiTxebs, romlebsac Sevexe im pirobebTan dakavSirebiT, romlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic savaraudoa, rom adamianebi SeiZenen aucilebel codnas, da im procesTan dakavSirebiT, romlis meSveobiTac moaxdenen isini amas, warsul diskusiebSi garkveuli adgili eTmoboda. magram aseve arsebobs sakiTxi, romelic Cemi azriT igive mniSvnelobisaa, magram romelic aqamde saerTod ar gamxdara kvlevis sagani, rac Semdegnairad JRers: ramden da ra saxis codnas unda flobdnen individebi, raTa SevZloT wonasworobaze saubari. cxadia, Tu cnebas raime empiriuli Sinaarsi unda qondes, is ar SeiZleba gulisxmobdes, rom yvelam yvelaferi icis. me ukve gamoviyene gamonaTqvami “Sesabamisi codna”, anu is codna, romelic mniSvnelovania konkretuli adamianisaTvis. magram raSi mdgomareobs mniSvnelovani codna? es albaT ar niSnavs ubralod im codnas, romelmac zegavlena moaxdina mis qmedebebze, radgan isini SeiZleba gansxvavebuli yofiliyo, ara mxolod codnis mcdarobisa Tu marTebulobis, aramed aseve im SemTxvevaSic, Tu igi daeufleboda codnas sruliad gansxvavebuli sferoebis Sesaxeb.
cxadia, aq saqme gvaqvs codnis danawilebis problemasTan, romelic Zalian waagavs, da, sul mcire, iseTive mniSvnelovania, rogorc Sromis danawilebis problema. magram maSin roca es ukanaskneli kvlevebis erT-erT mTavar obieqts warmoadgens Cveni mecnierebis warmoSobis dRidan, pirveli mTlianad ignorirebuli iyo, Tumca, Cemi azriT, igi ekonomikis, rogorc socialuri mecnierebis, WeSmaritad centralur problemas warmoadgens. problema, romelsac Cven TiTqos da vwyvetT, mdgomareobs imaSi, rogor warmoSobs mravali adamianis spontanuri urTierTqmedeba, romlebic codnis mxolod mcire nawilebs floben, iseT mdgomareobas, rom fasebi Seesabamebian xarjebs, da a.S., da ris ganzrax miRwevas mxolod is SeZlebda, vinc daeufleboda yvela am individis codnas erTianad. gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom raRac msgavsi marTlac xdeba, radgan empiriuli dakvirveba, fasebis xarjebTan SesabamisobaSi yofnis Sesaxeb Cveni mecnierebis dabadebas niSnavda. magram imis magivrad, rom vaCvenoT Tu ra saxis informacias unda flobdnen sxadasxva individebi, am Sedegis misaRebad, faqtobrivad vubrundebiT im daSvebas, rom yvelam yvelaferi icis da amgvarad gavurbivarT problemis realurad gadawyvetas.
Tumca sanam ufro konkretulad ganvixilavdeT sxvadasxva individebs Soris codnis danawilebis sakiTxs, manamde aucileblad unda ganvsazRvroT im codnis zusti saxeoba, romelic mniSvnelovania am SemTxvevaSi. ekonomistebs Soris tradiciad Camoyalibda mxolod fasebis codnis aucileblobis xazgasma, albaT imitom, rom – obieqturi da subieqturi monacemebis erTmaneTSi aRrevis Sedegad _ obieqturi faqtebis sruli codna mocemulad iTvleboda. ukanasknel periodSi TviT mimdinare fasebis codna imdenad TavisTavadad aRiqmeba, rom erTaderTi problematuri sakiTxi, aris momavali fasebis winaswari codna. magram, rogorc ukve mivuTiTe naSromis dasawyisSi, fasebTan dakavSirebuli molodini da TviT arsebuli fasebis codna, codnis problemis, ise rogorc me vxedav mas, mxolod mcire nawils warmoadgens. am problemis ufro mniSvnelovan mxarea imis codna, Tu rogor SeiZleba gansxvavebuli saqonlis SeZena da gamoyeneba, da ra pirobebSi xdeba realurad maTi SeZena da gamoyeneba, anu, fundamenturi kiTxva, Tu ratom Seesabameba sxvadasxva pirebis subieqturi monacemebi obieqtur faqtebs. codnis problema Cveni mniSvnelobiT niSnavs im Tanxvedris arsebobas, romelic arsebuli wonasworobis analizis umravles SemTxvevaSi ubralod mocemulad miiCneva, magram rac unda avxsnaT, Tu gvsurs vaCvenoT, Tu ratom unda iyos mtkicebebi, romlebic uciloblad WeSmaritia pirovnebis sagnebisadmi damokidebulebaze msjelobisas, romlebsac misi rwmeniT garkveuli Tvisebebi gaaCnia, aseve WeSmariti sazogadoebis qmedebebis SemTxvevaSi im sagnebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic an floben am Tvisebebs, an, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, rac Cven unda avxsnaT, sazogadoebis umravlesoba Tvlis, rom floben am Tvisebebs.
magram, davubrundeT konkretul problemas, romelzec zemoT vsaubrobdiT, anu ra raodenobis codnas unda flobdnen calkeuli individebi, raTa moxerxdes wonasworobis miRweva (an ra aris is “saWiro” codna, romelsac isini unda flobdnen): pasuxs mivuaxlovdebiT, Tu gavixsenebT rogor xdeba imis dadgena, rom wonasworoba ar arsebobs an igi dairRva. Cven vnaxeT, rom wonasworuli urTierTobebi irRveva, Tu erTi individi mainc Secvlis Tavis gegmebs, imitom, rom Seicvala misi gemovneba (rac am SemTxvevaSi ar gvainteresebs) an misTvis axali faqtebi gaxdeba cnobili. magram cxadia arsebobs ori gza, romlis meSveobiTac man SeiZleba gaigos axali faqtebis Sesaxeb, rac mas gegmebis Secvlisaken ubiZgebs, rasac CvenTvis sruliad gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. man SeiZleba SemTxveviT gaigos axali faqtebis Sesaxeb, anu ise, rom es ar iyos mis mier gegmis ganxorcielebis mcdelobis savaldebulo Sedegi, an SeiZleba iyos gardauvali, rom man gegmis ganxorcielebisas gardauvali aucileblobiT dainaxos, rom faqtebi mosalodnelisagan gansxvavdeba. cxadia, sakuTari gegmis Sesabamisad moqmedebisaTvis, misi codna adekvaturi unda iyos mxolod im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic gegmis ganxorcielebis procesSi aucileblad dadasturdeba an moxdeba misi koreqcia. magram, amave dros, mas SeiZleba aranairi codna ar qondes im sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, risi codnac aucileblad imoqmedebda mis gegmebze.
aqedan gamomdinare cxadia, rom is saWiro codna, romelsac adamiani unda flobdes, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos wonasworobis miRweva, aris codna romelic man unda SeiZinos im mdgomareobidan, romelSic igi Tavidan imyofeba, da im gegmebidan gamomdinare, romelsac igi maSin Seadgens. es ra Tqma unda ar moicavs im mTlian codnas, romelic, SemTxveviT mopovebuli, misTvis sasargeblo iqneboda da misi gegmebis Secvlas gamoiwvevda. amitom savsebiT SesaZlebelia gvqondes wonasworuli mdgomareoba mxolod imitom, rom zogierT adamians ar aqvs SesaZlebloba miiRos informacia im faqtebis Sesaxeb, romelTa codnac mas gegmebis Secvlas aiZulebda. anu, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mxolod im codnasTan mimarTebiT, sakuTari pirvandeli gegmis ganxorcielebis mcdelobis procesSi rom unda SeiZinos adamianma, SegviZlia davuSvaT wonasworobis SesaZlebloba.
Tumca aseTi mdgomareoba erTi mxriv wonasworul mdgomareobas warmoadgens, cxadia, rom es ar aris wonasworoba im konkretuli gagebiT, rogorc esmiT xolme igi rogorc garkveuli saxis optimaluri mdgomareoba. raTa individualuri codnis mcire nawilebis gaerTianebis Sedegebi Seesabamebodes yovlismcodne diqtatoris marTvis Sedegad miRweul Sedegebs, cxadia, rom aucilebelia damatebiTi pirobebis arseboba. Tumca SesaZlebeli unda iyos im aucilebeli codnis gansazRvra, romelsac unda flobdnen adamianebi, raTa SeZlon aRniSnuli Sedegis miRweva, CemTvis ar aris cnobili am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabijebis Sesaxeb. erTi piroba albaT iqneboda, rom nebismieri saxis resursis mflobelisaTvis, romelic am resurss faqtiurad sxva miznisaTvis iyenebs, cnobilia am resursis yvela alternatiuli gamoyenebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da ase xdeba, uSualod Tu iribad, am resursebis gansxvavebuli gamoyenebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba. magram, am pirobas me avRniSnav rogorc erT-erT magaliTs imisa, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia Sesabamis sferoSi adamianebis garkveuli raodenobis arseboba, romlebic floben yvela saWiro informacias. aRniSnuli sakiTxis ganvrcoba saintereso da uaRresad mniSvnelovani amocana iqneboda, magram es aSkarad cdeba aRniSnuli naSromis farglebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Cem mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebis kritikis forma aqvT, ar minda iseTi STabeWdileba davtovo, TiTqos imas, rasac mivaRwieT aranairi mniSvneloba ar hqondes. Tundac Cven rom gamogvrCenoda argumentaciis jaWvis erT-erTi rgoli, mainc mimaCnia, rom is, rac Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinareobs, socialur mecnierebebSi swored ekonomikur mecnierebaa yvelaze axlos socialuri mecnierebebis centraluri kiTxvis amoxsnasTan: rogor xdeba, rom sxvadasxva individis gonSi arsebuli codnis fragmentebis urTierTkavSiri warmoSobs iseT Sedegebs, rac, maTi ganzrax miRwevis SemTxvevaSi, mmarTveli gonisagan im raodenobis codnas moiTxovda, arcerT calkeul individs rom ar ZaluZs? imis Cveneba, rom individebis spontanuri qmedebebi, im pirobebis arsebobisas, romlis dadgenac Cven SegviZlia, gamoiwveven resursebis iseT gadanawilebas, TiTqos isini raime erTiani gegmidan gamomdinareoben, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi gegma aravis ar Seudgenia, Cemi azriT warmoadgens pasuxs im problemaze, romelsac zogjer metaforulad “sazogaoebrivi gonis” problemas uwodeben. magram Cven ar unda gvikvirdes, rom aRniSnuli problemis Cveni ganmarteba ar iqneba miRebuli, radgan Cven mas araswori argumentebiT vamyarebdiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erT sakiTxs minda Sevexo. wonasworul mdgomareobasTan miaxloebis tendencia, ris miCnevis safuZvelsac Cven empiriuli masala gvaZlevs, Tu mxolod iseT wonasworul mdgomareobasTan miaxloebas niSnavs, romelic im codnas exeba, adamianebi TavianTi ekonomikuri saqmianobis manZilze rom SeiZenen, da codnis nebismieri sxva cvlileba CaiTvleba “monacemebis cvlilebad”, im tradiciuli gagebiT, rac scildeba wonasworobis analizis kvlevis sferos, es imas niSnavs, rom wonasworobis analizs marTlac arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia codnis aseTi cvlilebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb aq sakmarisia imis aRniSvna, rom wminda analizs ase cota ramis Tqma SeuZlia iseT institutebze, rogoricaa presa, romlis mizanic codnis gavrcelebaa. es SeiZleba agreTve dagvexmaros im faqtis axsnaSi, Tu ratom iwvevs wminda analiziT gataceba gansakuTrebul sibrmaves realur cxovrebaSi iseTi institutebis rolTan dakavSirebiT, rogoricaa reklama.

X

am Temebis, ufro Rrma analizs rom imsaxureben, albaT zedapiruli ganxilviT unda davamTavro Cemi naSromi. bolos mxolod oriode mosazrebis damateba msurs.
pirveli exeba im faqts, rom roca viTxov empiriuli mtkicebebis gamoyenebas, Tu gvsurs, rom wonasworobis analizis formaluri Teoriebi emsaxurebodnen realuri samyaros axsnas, da roca xazs vusvam, rom mtkicebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor iZenen adamianebi codnas, rac CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, Zireulad gansxvavdebian formaluri analizisagan, ar vfiqrob, rom es empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. Zalian maeWvebs, gvaswavlida rames saerTod aseTi kvlevebi? am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania, rom gaviazroT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs is faqtebi, romelic gansazRvraven Cveni Teoriebis gamoyenebas realur samyaroSi, an, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, am SemTxvevaSi, ra punqtebSi moiTxoven isini verifikacias.
meore sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom me ra Tqma unda ar vvaraudob, rom problemebi, romlebzec me visaubre, ucxo iyo Zveli Taobis ekonomistebisaTvis. erTaderTi SeniSvna, rac SeiZleba gamoiTqvas maTi misamarTiT, aris, rom maT imdenad auries erTmaneTSi ori saxis mtkicebebi, a priori da empiriuli, romelsac mudmivad iyenebs yvela saRad moazrovne ekonomisti, rom xSirad SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu ra saxis mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen konkretul Teoriebs. SedarebiT ufro gviandeli naSromebi Tavisufali aris am Secdomisagan _ magram mxolod maTi Teoriebis realuri samyaros movlenebTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelobis meti gabundovnebis fasad. Cemi mizani mxolod is iyo, rom Cveni kvlevebisaTvis damebrunebina saRi azri, rac vSiSob, SeiZleba davkargoT, Cveni kvlevebis sul ufro mzardi detaluri daxvewis Sesabamisad. Tqven SeiZleba TvlideT, rom didi nawili imisa, razec visaubre, banaluri WeSmaritebaa. magram dro da dro albaT aucilebelia ganvTavisufldeT teqnikuri sakiTxebisagan da ubralod vikiTxoT, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saerTod saqme. Tu movaxerxe imis Cveneba, rom garkveuli kuTxiT am kiTxvaze pasuxi ara Tu bundovania, aramed xandaxan saerTod arc ki viciT raSi mdgomareobs igi, maSin Cems mizans miRweulad CavTvlidi.