qarTuli sazogadoeba dRes: adaptaciuri krizisi
avtori: gaga niJaraZe
Tanamedrove kros-kulturul fsiqologiaSi kulturebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iTvleba individualizmi – koleqtivizmi (Hofstede, 1980). individua-listur kulturebSi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi erTeulia individi. socialuri cxovrebis mTavari regulatoria abstraqtuli norma (kanoni, religiuri mcneba da misT.); Tanasworobisa da individualuri Tavisuflebis xarisxi metia. individualizmis indeqsi yvelaze maRalia anglo-saqsur, Crdilo evropul kulturebSi, odnav naklebi – sxva evropul kulturebSi.
koleqtivistur kulturebSi sazoga-doebis ZiriTadi erTeulia jgufi, didi (eri, ‘xalxi~, religiuri erToba da misT., anu iseTi jgufebi, romelTa wevrebic ar icnoben erTmaneTs piradad) an mcire (gafarToebuli ojaxi, sanaTesao, samegobro, samezoblo da a.S., anu jgufebi, romelTa wevrebic erTmaneTs piradad icnoben). jgufis interesebi prevalirebs individualurze; individi ricxviT naklebi socialuri jgufis wevria, magram maT mimarT meti valdebuleba aqvs; jgufis wevrobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis pirnaTlad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi jgufi icavs Tavis wevrs da zrunavs masze. socialuri cxov-rebis regulatoria jgufSi arsebuli nor-mebi, zogjer ki avtoritaruli pirovnebis neba. did jgufebze orientirebuli koleq-tivisturi kulturis magaliTia ruseTi, xolo mcireze – saqarTvelo.
saqarTveloSi mcire jgufi ara marto ZiriTadi, aramed TviTkmari erTeulia. sxva sityvebiT, mcire jgufis farglebSi SesaZle-belia ZiriTadi socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba (urTierToba, Zalaufleba, prestiJi da sxv.). sazogadoebis yoveli wevris atribucia xdeba im mcire jgufebis (Tanamedrove terminologiiT, in-jgufebis) mixedviT, romelTa wevricaa igi (amis nacnobi, imis mezobeli da misT.). is in-jgufebi, romlebSic Sedis saSualo qarTveli, praqtikulad sruli SemadgenlobiT ikribe-bian Tavisi wevris panaSvidze, yvelaze axlob-lebi an pativcemulni ki – qelexze. qarTu-li panaSvidi rogorc rituali pirvel rigSi emsaxureba in-jgufis sididis, siZlieris, gavlenianobis demonstracias da am jgufis SekavSirebas.
qarTuli in-jgufi, rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad, SeiZleba Sevadarod sofels, sadac yvela yvelas icnobs, enaTesaveba erTmaneTs, met-naklebad xSiri urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan, icis soflis normebi da tradiciebi (‘soflis~ qalaquri Sesatyvisia ubani). sasicocxlo interesebi principSi ‘sofliT~ Semoifargleba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, sxva ‘soflebic~ arseboben. Cveni ‘sofleli~, romelic sxvagan wavida da iq gaiTqva saxeli, anda ‘sofleli~, romelic aqaurobas gareTacaa cnobili, pirvel rigSi mocemuli soflis ‘saxea~, mis prestiJs emsaxureba sxva ‘soflebTan~ mimarTebaSi.
qarTuli sociumis amgvari struq-tura gansazRvravs horizontis siviwroves rogorc sivrceSi, ise droSi. sivrce Ziri-Tadad Semoifargleba ‘sofliT~, dro ki warsuliT, awmyoTi, magram ara momavliT. qarTuli kulturis “qceviTi sivrce~ awmyo-zea orientirebuli. grZelvadiani dagegma-reba, Sors gaTvlili strategia qarTuli kulturisaTvis ucxoa rogorc individua-lur da in-jgufis, ise saxelmwifos marTvis donezec (sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar miuRia arc erTi programa, romelic ramdenime aTwleulze yofiliyo gaTvlili; magram romc mieRo, saeWvoa, rom igi Sesrulebuliyos).
rac Seexeba warsuls, esaa erT-erTi im RirebulebaTani, romelic saerTo qarTuli identifikaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia, Tumca yoeldRiur qcevaze did gavlenas ar axdens. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tamaris epoqa erovnuli Rirsebis, TviTSefasebis dasayrdens Seadgens. amave dros, miTologi-zebuli warsuli dideba kompensatorul rols TamaSobda da TamaSobs erovnuli arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsisagan Tavis dasacavad: am kompleqsis safuZveli ki rusul da sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas iyo daqvemdebarebuli statusi, xolo axla - Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi.
yoveli cocxali kultura met-nakle-bad Seguebulia masze moqmed politikur, ekonomikur, ekologiur da sxva faqtorebTan. rodesac am faqtorebis moqmedeba icvleba, kulturam unda moaxerxos am cvlilebebze adeqvaturi “pasuxis~ gamomuSaveba. Tu es ar moxerxda, kultura knindeba da SeiZleba gadagvardes an moispos kidec.
qarTuli kulturis aRwerili Taviseburebebic adaptaciur “pasuxebs~ warmoadgenen, amasTan, arcTu urigo pasuxebs: Cvenma xalxma SeZlo saukuneebis manZilze Seenar-Cunebina ena, TviTmyofadoba, religia, kultu-ruli da sulieri faseulobebi.
qarTuli kulturuli modeli gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda post-stalinuri sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi. am epoqaSi Zalauflebis mwvervalze uSiSroebis organoebi Secvala partiulma nomenkla-turam, romelic, amis safasurad iZulebuli gaxda garkveuli liberalizacia daeSva1 . sistemam xelSeuxeblad da tabuirebulad datova ideologia da politika, samagierod araformalurad dauSva kanoniT akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianoba. saxelmwifom moqa-laqeebTan TiTqos dado dauwereli xelSek-ruleba, romlis mixedviTac moqalaqes eZle-oda, garkveul farglebSi, aralegaluri ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmarTvis saSua-leba (magram rasakvirvelia, ara ufleba), xolo politika da ideologia saxelmwifos monopolur mflobelobaSi rCeboda.
Cemis azriT, TamaSis axali wesebi yve-laze adre saqarTveloSi SeiTvises. swored 60-iani wlebidan ruseTSi Cndeba qarTvelis stereotipi – spekulanti, mdidari, mflan-gveli, romelic arasabWoTa (Tumca ara antisabWoTa) normebiT cxovrobs. ruseTSi ar uyvarT, rodesac vinme ar erideba sim-didris demonstrirebas; qarTvelisaTvis ki fuli sworedac rom misi patronis xelgaS-lilobisa da socialuri warmatebis warmo-Cenis saSualebaa2 . aRniSnuli stereotipis gaCena iyo rusuli kulturis pasuxi misi erT-erTi bazuri Rirebulebis “xelyofaze~, Rirebulebisa, romelic istorikosma iako-venkom ase Camoayaliba: yvela Tanabrad Raribi unda iyos iakovenkos azriT, oqtombris gadatrialeba am Rirebulebis ngrevis safrT-xem gansazRvra.
“arasabWoTa normebis~ mimarTebaSi ru-suli koleqtiuri cnobiereba marTali iyo: stalinis Semdeg saqarTveloSi moxda praqti-kulad sruli gaucxoeba komunisturi Rire-bulebebisagan; socializmi saqarTveloSi uyvardaT mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac igi Tanamemamulis, ‘xalxTa mamis~ pirmSo iyo. sabWoTa “panTeonidan~ stalinis gamoZevebam da misma dadanaSaulebam ki sabWoTa Rirebu-lebebs Zala daukarga; isini gadaiqcnen futuro kerpebad, romlebic ritualur Tayvaniscemas saWiroebdnen, magram maTi rwmena gaqra.
axalgazrdobaSi am dros gaCenili ‘moraluri vakuumi~ Seivso kriminaluri subkulturis nasesxebi normebiTa da “gage-biT~ (sagulisxmoa, rom 70-iani wlebis bolos warmoqmnili analogiuri “vakuumi~ rusul axalgazrdobaSi Seivso armiuli moraliT).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60-80 wlebi erT-erTi yvelaze udardeli periodi iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi. sistemam Seqmna iseTi pirobebi, rodesac maRali socialuri sta-tusisa da sabWoTa kvalobaze seriozuli simdidris mopoveba SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, adeqvaturi Zalisxmevis gareSe (ganaTlebis done, profesionalizmi, gaweuli Sroma). Tu stalinis periodSi erTaderTi, Tanac arasakmarisi, piroba araTu karierisaTvis, aramed TviT sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad, iyo reJimisadmi aqtiurad gamoxatuli loialoba, Secvlil pirobebSi gaCnda axali “konvertirebadi~ Rirebulebebi: fuli, Tanamdeboba, gavleniani nacnoboba. gamoikveTa karieris keTebis sami gza. pirveli iyo nomenklaturuli; nomenklaturis sistemaSi moxvedriT gvardeboda materia-luri resursebis miReba da ixsneboda gza am resursebis gasanawileblad, rac noyier niadags qmnida korufciisaTvis. meore gza iyo Crdilovani ekonomika – gamdidreba saxelmwifosa da Tanamoqalaqeebis xarjze. Crdilovan ekonomikas araferi saerTo ar hqonda kapitalizmTan, vinaidan misTvis ucxo iyo konkurencia; es iyo sabWoTa reJimis naSieri da mis gareSe perspeqtiva ar aqvs. bolos, kidev erTi gza iyo “Savi~ - kriminalur samyaroSi avtoritetis mopoveba, rac arcTu urigo socialur statuss niSnav-da; maRali rangis qurdi ukve ‘saqmeze~ aRar dadis, magram kargi Semosavali aqvs, romlis sakmao nawils Seaddgens “mediaciuri samsa-xuri~ - konfliqturi situaciebis mogvareba “gagebis~ kanonebis meSveobiT.
RniSnuli sami sfero – nomenklatura, Crdilovani ekonomika da kriminaluri elita – mWidrod iyvnen erTmaneTTan gadaxlarTu-li da, faqtobivad, erT sistemas qmnidnen. es adaptaciuri sistema, ase vTqvaT, wamgebiani iyo: igi moixmarda imperiis resursebs, qmnida ki Zalze cotas. amasTan, igi gamomuSavda damokidebuli qveynis statusSi yofnis pirobebSi; es niSnavda, rom nebismieri qveynis winaSe mdgar farTomasStabian problemebs (usafrTxoeba, socialuri dacva, momarageba da sxv.) agvarebda, cudad Tu kargad, centri.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes problemas Seadgens swored is, rom socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri situacia Seicvala radikalurad, qceviTi modelebi ki praqtikulad igive darCa. xelisuflebaSi didia Zveli nomenklaturis xvedriTi wili, romelsac sxvanairad, Tu ara sabWourad, azrovneba da qceva, ubralod, ar ZaluZs. raxan moiSala araefeqturi, magram mainc raRac funqciis mqone sabWoTa makontroli-rebeli meqanizmebi, korufciam da aliansma Crdilovan seqtorsa da kriminalur samya-rosTan mmarTvel da Zalovan struqturebSi kidev ufro farTo masStabi miiRo. Crdilo-vanebi, saxelmwifo resursebis deficitis pirobebSi, ZiriTadad kontrabandiTa da Semo-savlis dafarviT irCenen Tavs da am piro-bebSic ki Crdilovani ekonomikis xvedriTi wili mTlianad qveynis ekonomikaSi naxevarze mets Seadgens. rac Seexeba kriminalur “avtoritetebs~, maTi socialuri statusi kvlavac arcTu dabalia; ‘Savi~ gza axalgazr-dobis garkveuli nawilisaTvis sasurvel orientirs warmoadgens.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes qarTuli kultura adap-taciur kriziss ganicdis, rac imaSi gamo-ixateba, rom sazogadoebis praqtikulad yvela fenaSi gabatonebuli qceviTi mode-lebi, stili ar Seesabameba realobis moTxov-nebs. realoba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qarTvelebi ukve aTi welia damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi cxovroben.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi araviTari cvlileba ar momxdara. empiriuli gamoklvlevebi aCveneben, rom wlidan wlamde mcirdeba fatalizmis done, izrdeba sakuTari Zalebis rwmena. es – fsiqologiis doneze. meores mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris gaCena, arasrulyofili, magram mainc demokratiul yaidaze agebuli institutebi, met-naklebad Tavisufali mas-media, Tundac Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi kerZo sakuTreba da sabazro ekonomika garkveul pozitiur rols mainc TamaSoben, da es imedis momcemia. magram zogadad batonoben Zveli Rirebulebebi da stereotipebi; ukve xsenebuli, sivrciTi da droiTi horizontis siviwrove gansazRvravs moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis deficits sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi. sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebi ZiriTadad sityvaze srul-deba. amis ilustracias warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom damoukideblobis wlebSi ar ganicada raime SesamCnevi cvlileba qarTuli kulturis erT-erTma bazurma ritualma – sufram.
rogorc daasabuTa l. bregaZem, qarTuli sufra dRevandeli saxiT (sadRegrZelo-ebis met-naklebad reglamentirebuli rigiT, Tamadis institutiT) Camoyalibda sadRac 19-e saukunis 30-ian wlebisaTvis. am ritualis Camoyalibeba agreTve kulturis pasuxi iyo3 ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlaze. Tu adre, musliman dampyroblebTan mimarTebaSi, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SemanarCunebeli Rirebulebis rolSi (iden-tifikatorad) religia gamodioda, am SemTx-vevaSi igi amgvar funqcias veRar Seasrulebda. kulturam ‘igrZno~ TviTmyofadobis dakar-gvis saSiSroeba da Sesabamisi pasuxi gasca – SeimuSavda sufris rituali, romlis msvlelobisas yovelma ‘namdvilma qarTvelma~ sadRegrZeloebis reglamentirebuli rigis warmoTqmiT unda Tayvani sces erovnuli Rirebulebebis “dakonservebul~ sistemas (Cveni jgufi, ojaxi, samSoblo, winaprebi da a.S.). sxva sityvebiT, erovnuli Rirebu-lebebis sistemisadmi sityvierad gamoxatuli loialoba Caenacvla socialur qmedebas. Tu in-jgufebis wevrobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi realurad sruldeboda da sruldeba, ufro farTomasStabiani erTobis (“Cveni patara saqarTvelo~) sakeTildReod mimarTuli aqtivoba praqtikulad mTlianad Semoifargleboda da Semoifargleba Sesaba-misi sadRegrZeloebis gamudmebuli ritualuri gameorebiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufris ritualma Tavisi funqcia, ase Tu ise, Seasrula. erovnuli TviTmyofadoba da TviTcnobiereba SenarCunda. dRes, damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fos statusiT arsebobis pirobebSi, TiTqos sufris rituali unda nel-nela daviwyebas micemoda rogorc funqciadakarguli, magram ase ar moxda; sufra rCeba yvelaze sasurvel socialur aqciad, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom kulturis masStabiT orientaciis Secvla sityvidan saqmisaken ar SeimCneva.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis struqtura da gavrcelebuli qceviTi stereotipebi uzrunvelyofen sasicocxlo problemebis mogvarebas ‘soflis~ doneze. unda aRiniSnos, qarTuli kulturis zogierTi Tvisebis efeqti scil-deba ‘soflis~ farglebs da ufro farTo socialur jgufebs moicavs. magaliTad, urTierTobaze orientacia da aqedan gamom-dinare urTierTobis normebis arsebobam gansazRvra is, rom 1992-94 wlebSi, anarqiisa da kriminalis aRzevebis periodSi, saqarTve-loSi ar damyarebula rusuli sityva
“áåñ-ïðåäåë”-iT aRniSnuli situacia, reketma ar miiRo farTo masStabebi (Tu ar CavTvliT saxelmwifosa da moxeleebis rekets), xolo daqiravebuli mkvleli, qileri, ar iqca socialurad aRiarebul ‘profesiad~, rogorc es, magaliTad, ruseTSi moxda.
miuxedavad amisa, erovnuli saxel-mwifos SenarCunebisa da marTvisaTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebisa da qceviTi modelebis deficiti, anu adaptaciuri krizisis arseboba, sruliad cxadia. momavali gviCvenebs aqvs Tu ara qarTul kulturas rogorc rTul sistemas axali pirobebisadmi adeqvaturi pasuxebis gamomuSavebis potenciali.
avtori: gaga niJaraZe
Tanamedrove kros-kulturul fsiqologiaSi kulturebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iTvleba individualizmi – koleqtivizmi (Hofstede, 1980). individua-listur kulturebSi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi erTeulia individi. socialuri cxovrebis mTavari regulatoria abstraqtuli norma (kanoni, religiuri mcneba da misT.); Tanasworobisa da individualuri Tavisuflebis xarisxi metia. individualizmis indeqsi yvelaze maRalia anglo-saqsur, Crdilo evropul kulturebSi, odnav naklebi – sxva evropul kulturebSi.
koleqtivistur kulturebSi sazoga-doebis ZiriTadi erTeulia jgufi, didi (eri, ‘xalxi~, religiuri erToba da misT., anu iseTi jgufebi, romelTa wevrebic ar icnoben erTmaneTs piradad) an mcire (gafarToebuli ojaxi, sanaTesao, samegobro, samezoblo da a.S., anu jgufebi, romelTa wevrebic erTmaneTs piradad icnoben). jgufis interesebi prevalirebs individualurze; individi ricxviT naklebi socialuri jgufis wevria, magram maT mimarT meti valdebuleba aqvs; jgufis wevrobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis pirnaTlad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi jgufi icavs Tavis wevrs da zrunavs masze. socialuri cxov-rebis regulatoria jgufSi arsebuli nor-mebi, zogjer ki avtoritaruli pirovnebis neba. did jgufebze orientirebuli koleq-tivisturi kulturis magaliTia ruseTi, xolo mcireze – saqarTvelo.
saqarTveloSi mcire jgufi ara marto ZiriTadi, aramed TviTkmari erTeulia. sxva sityvebiT, mcire jgufis farglebSi SesaZle-belia ZiriTadi socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba (urTierToba, Zalaufleba, prestiJi da sxv.). sazogadoebis yoveli wevris atribucia xdeba im mcire jgufebis (Tanamedrove terminologiiT, in-jgufebis) mixedviT, romelTa wevricaa igi (amis nacnobi, imis mezobeli da misT.). is in-jgufebi, romlebSic Sedis saSualo qarTveli, praqtikulad sruli SemadgenlobiT ikribe-bian Tavisi wevris panaSvidze, yvelaze axlob-lebi an pativcemulni ki – qelexze. qarTu-li panaSvidi rogorc rituali pirvel rigSi emsaxureba in-jgufis sididis, siZlieris, gavlenianobis demonstracias da am jgufis SekavSirebas.
qarTuli in-jgufi, rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad, SeiZleba Sevadarod sofels, sadac yvela yvelas icnobs, enaTesaveba erTmaneTs, met-naklebad xSiri urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan, icis soflis normebi da tradiciebi (‘soflis~ qalaquri Sesatyvisia ubani). sasicocxlo interesebi principSi ‘sofliT~ Semoifargleba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, sxva ‘soflebic~ arseboben. Cveni ‘sofleli~, romelic sxvagan wavida da iq gaiTqva saxeli, anda ‘sofleli~, romelic aqaurobas gareTacaa cnobili, pirvel rigSi mocemuli soflis ‘saxea~, mis prestiJs emsaxureba sxva ‘soflebTan~ mimarTebaSi.
qarTuli sociumis amgvari struq-tura gansazRvravs horizontis siviwroves rogorc sivrceSi, ise droSi. sivrce Ziri-Tadad Semoifargleba ‘sofliT~, dro ki warsuliT, awmyoTi, magram ara momavliT. qarTuli kulturis “qceviTi sivrce~ awmyo-zea orientirebuli. grZelvadiani dagegma-reba, Sors gaTvlili strategia qarTuli kulturisaTvis ucxoa rogorc individua-lur da in-jgufis, ise saxelmwifos marTvis donezec (sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar miuRia arc erTi programa, romelic ramdenime aTwleulze yofiliyo gaTvlili; magram romc mieRo, saeWvoa, rom igi Sesrulebuliyos).
rac Seexeba warsuls, esaa erT-erTi im RirebulebaTani, romelic saerTo qarTuli identifikaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia, Tumca yoeldRiur qcevaze did gavlenas ar axdens. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tamaris epoqa erovnuli Rirsebis, TviTSefasebis dasayrdens Seadgens. amave dros, miTologi-zebuli warsuli dideba kompensatorul rols TamaSobda da TamaSobs erovnuli arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsisagan Tavis dasacavad: am kompleqsis safuZveli ki rusul da sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas iyo daqvemdebarebuli statusi, xolo axla - Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi.
yoveli cocxali kultura met-nakle-bad Seguebulia masze moqmed politikur, ekonomikur, ekologiur da sxva faqtorebTan. rodesac am faqtorebis moqmedeba icvleba, kulturam unda moaxerxos am cvlilebebze adeqvaturi “pasuxis~ gamomuSaveba. Tu es ar moxerxda, kultura knindeba da SeiZleba gadagvardes an moispos kidec.
qarTuli kulturis aRwerili Taviseburebebic adaptaciur “pasuxebs~ warmoadgenen, amasTan, arcTu urigo pasuxebs: Cvenma xalxma SeZlo saukuneebis manZilze Seenar-Cunebina ena, TviTmyofadoba, religia, kultu-ruli da sulieri faseulobebi.
qarTuli kulturuli modeli gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda post-stalinuri sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi. am epoqaSi Zalauflebis mwvervalze uSiSroebis organoebi Secvala partiulma nomenkla-turam, romelic, amis safasurad iZulebuli gaxda garkveuli liberalizacia daeSva1 . sistemam xelSeuxeblad da tabuirebulad datova ideologia da politika, samagierod araformalurad dauSva kanoniT akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianoba. saxelmwifom moqa-laqeebTan TiTqos dado dauwereli xelSek-ruleba, romlis mixedviTac moqalaqes eZle-oda, garkveul farglebSi, aralegaluri ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmarTvis saSua-leba (magram rasakvirvelia, ara ufleba), xolo politika da ideologia saxelmwifos monopolur mflobelobaSi rCeboda.
Cemis azriT, TamaSis axali wesebi yve-laze adre saqarTveloSi SeiTvises. swored 60-iani wlebidan ruseTSi Cndeba qarTvelis stereotipi – spekulanti, mdidari, mflan-gveli, romelic arasabWoTa (Tumca ara antisabWoTa) normebiT cxovrobs. ruseTSi ar uyvarT, rodesac vinme ar erideba sim-didris demonstrirebas; qarTvelisaTvis ki fuli sworedac rom misi patronis xelgaS-lilobisa da socialuri warmatebis warmo-Cenis saSualebaa2 . aRniSnuli stereotipis gaCena iyo rusuli kulturis pasuxi misi erT-erTi bazuri Rirebulebis “xelyofaze~, Rirebulebisa, romelic istorikosma iako-venkom ase Camoayaliba: yvela Tanabrad Raribi unda iyos iakovenkos azriT, oqtombris gadatrialeba am Rirebulebis ngrevis safrT-xem gansazRvra.
“arasabWoTa normebis~ mimarTebaSi ru-suli koleqtiuri cnobiereba marTali iyo: stalinis Semdeg saqarTveloSi moxda praqti-kulad sruli gaucxoeba komunisturi Rire-bulebebisagan; socializmi saqarTveloSi uyvardaT mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac igi Tanamemamulis, ‘xalxTa mamis~ pirmSo iyo. sabWoTa “panTeonidan~ stalinis gamoZevebam da misma dadanaSaulebam ki sabWoTa Rirebu-lebebs Zala daukarga; isini gadaiqcnen futuro kerpebad, romlebic ritualur Tayvaniscemas saWiroebdnen, magram maTi rwmena gaqra.
axalgazrdobaSi am dros gaCenili ‘moraluri vakuumi~ Seivso kriminaluri subkulturis nasesxebi normebiTa da “gage-biT~ (sagulisxmoa, rom 70-iani wlebis bolos warmoqmnili analogiuri “vakuumi~ rusul axalgazrdobaSi Seivso armiuli moraliT).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60-80 wlebi erT-erTi yvelaze udardeli periodi iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi. sistemam Seqmna iseTi pirobebi, rodesac maRali socialuri sta-tusisa da sabWoTa kvalobaze seriozuli simdidris mopoveba SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, adeqvaturi Zalisxmevis gareSe (ganaTlebis done, profesionalizmi, gaweuli Sroma). Tu stalinis periodSi erTaderTi, Tanac arasakmarisi, piroba araTu karierisaTvis, aramed TviT sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad, iyo reJimisadmi aqtiurad gamoxatuli loialoba, Secvlil pirobebSi gaCnda axali “konvertirebadi~ Rirebulebebi: fuli, Tanamdeboba, gavleniani nacnoboba. gamoikveTa karieris keTebis sami gza. pirveli iyo nomenklaturuli; nomenklaturis sistemaSi moxvedriT gvardeboda materia-luri resursebis miReba da ixsneboda gza am resursebis gasanawileblad, rac noyier niadags qmnida korufciisaTvis. meore gza iyo Crdilovani ekonomika – gamdidreba saxelmwifosa da Tanamoqalaqeebis xarjze. Crdilovan ekonomikas araferi saerTo ar hqonda kapitalizmTan, vinaidan misTvis ucxo iyo konkurencia; es iyo sabWoTa reJimis naSieri da mis gareSe perspeqtiva ar aqvs. bolos, kidev erTi gza iyo “Savi~ - kriminalur samyaroSi avtoritetis mopoveba, rac arcTu urigo socialur statuss niSnav-da; maRali rangis qurdi ukve ‘saqmeze~ aRar dadis, magram kargi Semosavali aqvs, romlis sakmao nawils Seaddgens “mediaciuri samsa-xuri~ - konfliqturi situaciebis mogvareba “gagebis~ kanonebis meSveobiT.
RniSnuli sami sfero – nomenklatura, Crdilovani ekonomika da kriminaluri elita – mWidrod iyvnen erTmaneTTan gadaxlarTu-li da, faqtobivad, erT sistemas qmnidnen. es adaptaciuri sistema, ase vTqvaT, wamgebiani iyo: igi moixmarda imperiis resursebs, qmnida ki Zalze cotas. amasTan, igi gamomuSavda damokidebuli qveynis statusSi yofnis pirobebSi; es niSnavda, rom nebismieri qveynis winaSe mdgar farTomasStabian problemebs (usafrTxoeba, socialuri dacva, momarageba da sxv.) agvarebda, cudad Tu kargad, centri.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes problemas Seadgens swored is, rom socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri situacia Seicvala radikalurad, qceviTi modelebi ki praqtikulad igive darCa. xelisuflebaSi didia Zveli nomenklaturis xvedriTi wili, romelsac sxvanairad, Tu ara sabWourad, azrovneba da qceva, ubralod, ar ZaluZs. raxan moiSala araefeqturi, magram mainc raRac funqciis mqone sabWoTa makontroli-rebeli meqanizmebi, korufciam da aliansma Crdilovan seqtorsa da kriminalur samya-rosTan mmarTvel da Zalovan struqturebSi kidev ufro farTo masStabi miiRo. Crdilo-vanebi, saxelmwifo resursebis deficitis pirobebSi, ZiriTadad kontrabandiTa da Semo-savlis dafarviT irCenen Tavs da am piro-bebSic ki Crdilovani ekonomikis xvedriTi wili mTlianad qveynis ekonomikaSi naxevarze mets Seadgens. rac Seexeba kriminalur “avtoritetebs~, maTi socialuri statusi kvlavac arcTu dabalia; ‘Savi~ gza axalgazr-dobis garkveuli nawilisaTvis sasurvel orientirs warmoadgens.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes qarTuli kultura adap-taciur kriziss ganicdis, rac imaSi gamo-ixateba, rom sazogadoebis praqtikulad yvela fenaSi gabatonebuli qceviTi mode-lebi, stili ar Seesabameba realobis moTxov-nebs. realoba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qarTvelebi ukve aTi welia damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi cxovroben.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi araviTari cvlileba ar momxdara. empiriuli gamoklvlevebi aCveneben, rom wlidan wlamde mcirdeba fatalizmis done, izrdeba sakuTari Zalebis rwmena. es – fsiqologiis doneze. meores mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris gaCena, arasrulyofili, magram mainc demokratiul yaidaze agebuli institutebi, met-naklebad Tavisufali mas-media, Tundac Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi kerZo sakuTreba da sabazro ekonomika garkveul pozitiur rols mainc TamaSoben, da es imedis momcemia. magram zogadad batonoben Zveli Rirebulebebi da stereotipebi; ukve xsenebuli, sivrciTi da droiTi horizontis siviwrove gansazRvravs moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis deficits sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi. sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebi ZiriTadad sityvaze srul-deba. amis ilustracias warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom damoukideblobis wlebSi ar ganicada raime SesamCnevi cvlileba qarTuli kulturis erT-erTma bazurma ritualma – sufram.
rogorc daasabuTa l. bregaZem, qarTuli sufra dRevandeli saxiT (sadRegrZelo-ebis met-naklebad reglamentirebuli rigiT, Tamadis institutiT) Camoyalibda sadRac 19-e saukunis 30-ian wlebisaTvis. am ritualis Camoyalibeba agreTve kulturis pasuxi iyo3 ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlaze. Tu adre, musliman dampyroblebTan mimarTebaSi, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SemanarCunebeli Rirebulebis rolSi (iden-tifikatorad) religia gamodioda, am SemTx-vevaSi igi amgvar funqcias veRar Seasrulebda. kulturam ‘igrZno~ TviTmyofadobis dakar-gvis saSiSroeba da Sesabamisi pasuxi gasca – SeimuSavda sufris rituali, romlis msvlelobisas yovelma ‘namdvilma qarTvelma~ sadRegrZeloebis reglamentirebuli rigis warmoTqmiT unda Tayvani sces erovnuli Rirebulebebis “dakonservebul~ sistemas (Cveni jgufi, ojaxi, samSoblo, winaprebi da a.S.). sxva sityvebiT, erovnuli Rirebu-lebebis sistemisadmi sityvierad gamoxatuli loialoba Caenacvla socialur qmedebas. Tu in-jgufebis wevrobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi realurad sruldeboda da sruldeba, ufro farTomasStabiani erTobis (“Cveni patara saqarTvelo~) sakeTildReod mimarTuli aqtivoba praqtikulad mTlianad Semoifargleboda da Semoifargleba Sesaba-misi sadRegrZeloebis gamudmebuli ritualuri gameorebiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufris ritualma Tavisi funqcia, ase Tu ise, Seasrula. erovnuli TviTmyofadoba da TviTcnobiereba SenarCunda. dRes, damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fos statusiT arsebobis pirobebSi, TiTqos sufris rituali unda nel-nela daviwyebas micemoda rogorc funqciadakarguli, magram ase ar moxda; sufra rCeba yvelaze sasurvel socialur aqciad, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom kulturis masStabiT orientaciis Secvla sityvidan saqmisaken ar SeimCneva.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis struqtura da gavrcelebuli qceviTi stereotipebi uzrunvelyofen sasicocxlo problemebis mogvarebas ‘soflis~ doneze. unda aRiniSnos, qarTuli kulturis zogierTi Tvisebis efeqti scil-deba ‘soflis~ farglebs da ufro farTo socialur jgufebs moicavs. magaliTad, urTierTobaze orientacia da aqedan gamom-dinare urTierTobis normebis arsebobam gansazRvra is, rom 1992-94 wlebSi, anarqiisa da kriminalis aRzevebis periodSi, saqarTve-loSi ar damyarebula rusuli sityva
“áåñ-ïðåäåë”-iT aRniSnuli situacia, reketma ar miiRo farTo masStabebi (Tu ar CavTvliT saxelmwifosa da moxeleebis rekets), xolo daqiravebuli mkvleli, qileri, ar iqca socialurad aRiarebul ‘profesiad~, rogorc es, magaliTad, ruseTSi moxda.
miuxedavad amisa, erovnuli saxel-mwifos SenarCunebisa da marTvisaTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebisa da qceviTi modelebis deficiti, anu adaptaciuri krizisis arseboba, sruliad cxadia. momavali gviCvenebs aqvs Tu ara qarTul kulturas rogorc rTul sistemas axali pirobebisadmi adeqvaturi pasuxebis gamomuSavebis potenciali.
Tanamedrove kros-kulturul fsiqologiaSi kulturebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad iTvleba individualizmi – koleqtivizmi (Hofstede, 1980). individua-listur kulturebSi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi erTeulia individi. socialuri cxovrebis mTavari regulatoria abstraqtuli norma (kanoni, religiuri mcneba da misT.); Tanasworobisa da individualuri Tavisuflebis xarisxi metia. individualizmis indeqsi yvelaze maRalia anglo-saqsur, Crdilo evropul kulturebSi, odnav naklebi – sxva evropul kulturebSi.
koleqtivistur kulturebSi sazoga-doebis ZiriTadi erTeulia jgufi, didi (eri, ‘xalxi~, religiuri erToba da misT., anu iseTi jgufebi, romelTa wevrebic ar icnoben erTmaneTs piradad) an mcire (gafarToebuli ojaxi, sanaTesao, samegobro, samezoblo da a.S., anu jgufebi, romelTa wevrebic erTmaneTs piradad icnoben). jgufis interesebi prevalirebs individualurze; individi ricxviT naklebi socialuri jgufis wevria, magram maT mimarT meti valdebuleba aqvs; jgufis wevrobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebis pirnaTlad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi jgufi icavs Tavis wevrs da zrunavs masze. socialuri cxov-rebis regulatoria jgufSi arsebuli nor-mebi, zogjer ki avtoritaruli pirovnebis neba. did jgufebze orientirebuli koleq-tivisturi kulturis magaliTia ruseTi, xolo mcireze – saqarTvelo.
saqarTveloSi mcire jgufi ara marto ZiriTadi, aramed TviTkmari erTeulia. sxva sityvebiT, mcire jgufis farglebSi SesaZle-belia ZiriTadi socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba (urTierToba, Zalaufleba, prestiJi da sxv.). sazogadoebis yoveli wevris atribucia xdeba im mcire jgufebis (Tanamedrove terminologiiT, in-jgufebis) mixedviT, romelTa wevricaa igi (amis nacnobi, imis mezobeli da misT.). is in-jgufebi, romlebSic Sedis saSualo qarTveli, praqtikulad sruli SemadgenlobiT ikribe-bian Tavisi wevris panaSvidze, yvelaze axlob-lebi an pativcemulni ki – qelexze. qarTu-li panaSvidi rogorc rituali pirvel rigSi emsaxureba in-jgufis sididis, siZlieris, gavlenianobis demonstracias da am jgufis SekavSirebas.
qarTuli in-jgufi, rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad, SeiZleba Sevadarod sofels, sadac yvela yvelas icnobs, enaTesaveba erTmaneTs, met-naklebad xSiri urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan, icis soflis normebi da tradiciebi (‘soflis~ qalaquri Sesatyvisia ubani). sasicocxlo interesebi principSi ‘sofliT~ Semoifargleba, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, sxva ‘soflebic~ arseboben. Cveni ‘sofleli~, romelic sxvagan wavida da iq gaiTqva saxeli, anda ‘sofleli~, romelic aqaurobas gareTacaa cnobili, pirvel rigSi mocemuli soflis ‘saxea~, mis prestiJs emsaxureba sxva ‘soflebTan~ mimarTebaSi.
qarTuli sociumis amgvari struq-tura gansazRvravs horizontis siviwroves rogorc sivrceSi, ise droSi. sivrce Ziri-Tadad Semoifargleba ‘sofliT~, dro ki warsuliT, awmyoTi, magram ara momavliT. qarTuli kulturis “qceviTi sivrce~ awmyo-zea orientirebuli. grZelvadiani dagegma-reba, Sors gaTvlili strategia qarTuli kulturisaTvis ucxoa rogorc individua-lur da in-jgufis, ise saxelmwifos marTvis donezec (sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebas ar miuRia arc erTi programa, romelic ramdenime aTwleulze yofiliyo gaTvlili; magram romc mieRo, saeWvoa, rom igi Sesrulebuliyos).
rac Seexeba warsuls, esaa erT-erTi im RirebulebaTani, romelic saerTo qarTuli identifikaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia, Tumca yoeldRiur qcevaze did gavlenas ar axdens. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tamaris epoqa erovnuli Rirsebis, TviTSefasebis dasayrdens Seadgens. amave dros, miTologi-zebuli warsuli dideba kompensatorul rols TamaSobda da TamaSobs erovnuli arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsisagan Tavis dasacavad: am kompleqsis safuZveli ki rusul da sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas iyo daqvemdebarebuli statusi, xolo axla - Rrma socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi.
yoveli cocxali kultura met-nakle-bad Seguebulia masze moqmed politikur, ekonomikur, ekologiur da sxva faqtorebTan. rodesac am faqtorebis moqmedeba icvleba, kulturam unda moaxerxos am cvlilebebze adeqvaturi “pasuxis~ gamomuSaveba. Tu es ar moxerxda, kultura knindeba da SeiZleba gadagvardes an moispos kidec.
qarTuli kulturis aRwerili Taviseburebebic adaptaciur “pasuxebs~ warmoadgenen, amasTan, arcTu urigo pasuxebs: Cvenma xalxma SeZlo saukuneebis manZilze Seenar-Cunebina ena, TviTmyofadoba, religia, kultu-ruli da sulieri faseulobebi.
qarTuli kulturuli modeli gansakuTrebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda post-stalinuri sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi. am epoqaSi Zalauflebis mwvervalze uSiSroebis organoebi Secvala partiulma nomenkla-turam, romelic, amis safasurad iZulebuli gaxda garkveuli liberalizacia daeSva1 . sistemam xelSeuxeblad da tabuirebulad datova ideologia da politika, samagierod araformalurad dauSva kanoniT akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianoba. saxelmwifom moqa-laqeebTan TiTqos dado dauwereli xelSek-ruleba, romlis mixedviTac moqalaqes eZle-oda, garkveul farglebSi, aralegaluri ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmarTvis saSua-leba (magram rasakvirvelia, ara ufleba), xolo politika da ideologia saxelmwifos monopolur mflobelobaSi rCeboda.
Cemis azriT, TamaSis axali wesebi yve-laze adre saqarTveloSi SeiTvises. swored 60-iani wlebidan ruseTSi Cndeba qarTvelis stereotipi – spekulanti, mdidari, mflan-gveli, romelic arasabWoTa (Tumca ara antisabWoTa) normebiT cxovrobs. ruseTSi ar uyvarT, rodesac vinme ar erideba sim-didris demonstrirebas; qarTvelisaTvis ki fuli sworedac rom misi patronis xelgaS-lilobisa da socialuri warmatebis warmo-Cenis saSualebaa2 . aRniSnuli stereotipis gaCena iyo rusuli kulturis pasuxi misi erT-erTi bazuri Rirebulebis “xelyofaze~, Rirebulebisa, romelic istorikosma iako-venkom ase Camoayaliba: yvela Tanabrad Raribi unda iyos iakovenkos azriT, oqtombris gadatrialeba am Rirebulebis ngrevis safrT-xem gansazRvra.
“arasabWoTa normebis~ mimarTebaSi ru-suli koleqtiuri cnobiereba marTali iyo: stalinis Semdeg saqarTveloSi moxda praqti-kulad sruli gaucxoeba komunisturi Rire-bulebebisagan; socializmi saqarTveloSi uyvardaT mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac igi Tanamemamulis, ‘xalxTa mamis~ pirmSo iyo. sabWoTa “panTeonidan~ stalinis gamoZevebam da misma dadanaSaulebam ki sabWoTa Rirebu-lebebs Zala daukarga; isini gadaiqcnen futuro kerpebad, romlebic ritualur Tayvaniscemas saWiroebdnen, magram maTi rwmena gaqra.
axalgazrdobaSi am dros gaCenili ‘moraluri vakuumi~ Seivso kriminaluri subkulturis nasesxebi normebiTa da “gage-biT~ (sagulisxmoa, rom 70-iani wlebis bolos warmoqmnili analogiuri “vakuumi~ rusul axalgazrdobaSi Seivso armiuli moraliT).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 60-80 wlebi erT-erTi yvelaze udardeli periodi iyo saqarTvelos istoriaSi. sistemam Seqmna iseTi pirobebi, rodesac maRali socialuri sta-tusisa da sabWoTa kvalobaze seriozuli simdidris mopoveba SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, adeqvaturi Zalisxmevis gareSe (ganaTlebis done, profesionalizmi, gaweuli Sroma). Tu stalinis periodSi erTaderTi, Tanac arasakmarisi, piroba araTu karierisaTvis, aramed TviT sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad, iyo reJimisadmi aqtiurad gamoxatuli loialoba, Secvlil pirobebSi gaCnda axali “konvertirebadi~ Rirebulebebi: fuli, Tanamdeboba, gavleniani nacnoboba. gamoikveTa karieris keTebis sami gza. pirveli iyo nomenklaturuli; nomenklaturis sistemaSi moxvedriT gvardeboda materia-luri resursebis miReba da ixsneboda gza am resursebis gasanawileblad, rac noyier niadags qmnida korufciisaTvis. meore gza iyo Crdilovani ekonomika – gamdidreba saxelmwifosa da Tanamoqalaqeebis xarjze. Crdilovan ekonomikas araferi saerTo ar hqonda kapitalizmTan, vinaidan misTvis ucxo iyo konkurencia; es iyo sabWoTa reJimis naSieri da mis gareSe perspeqtiva ar aqvs. bolos, kidev erTi gza iyo “Savi~ - kriminalur samyaroSi avtoritetis mopoveba, rac arcTu urigo socialur statuss niSnav-da; maRali rangis qurdi ukve ‘saqmeze~ aRar dadis, magram kargi Semosavali aqvs, romlis sakmao nawils Seaddgens “mediaciuri samsa-xuri~ - konfliqturi situaciebis mogvareba “gagebis~ kanonebis meSveobiT.
RniSnuli sami sfero – nomenklatura, Crdilovani ekonomika da kriminaluri elita – mWidrod iyvnen erTmaneTTan gadaxlarTu-li da, faqtobivad, erT sistemas qmnidnen. es adaptaciuri sistema, ase vTqvaT, wamgebiani iyo: igi moixmarda imperiis resursebs, qmnida ki Zalze cotas. amasTan, igi gamomuSavda damokidebuli qveynis statusSi yofnis pirobebSi; es niSnavda, rom nebismieri qveynis winaSe mdgar farTomasStabian problemebs (usafrTxoeba, socialuri dacva, momarageba da sxv.) agvarebda, cudad Tu kargad, centri.
dRevandeli saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanes problemas Seadgens swored is, rom socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri situacia Seicvala radikalurad, qceviTi modelebi ki praqtikulad igive darCa. xelisuflebaSi didia Zveli nomenklaturis xvedriTi wili, romelsac sxvanairad, Tu ara sabWourad, azrovneba da qceva, ubralod, ar ZaluZs. raxan moiSala araefeqturi, magram mainc raRac funqciis mqone sabWoTa makontroli-rebeli meqanizmebi, korufciam da aliansma Crdilovan seqtorsa da kriminalur samya-rosTan mmarTvel da Zalovan struqturebSi kidev ufro farTo masStabi miiRo. Crdilo-vanebi, saxelmwifo resursebis deficitis pirobebSi, ZiriTadad kontrabandiTa da Semo-savlis dafarviT irCenen Tavs da am piro-bebSic ki Crdilovani ekonomikis xvedriTi wili mTlianad qveynis ekonomikaSi naxevarze mets Seadgens. rac Seexeba kriminalur “avtoritetebs~, maTi socialuri statusi kvlavac arcTu dabalia; ‘Savi~ gza axalgazr-dobis garkveuli nawilisaTvis sasurvel orientirs warmoadgens.
zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRes qarTuli kultura adap-taciur kriziss ganicdis, rac imaSi gamo-ixateba, rom sazogadoebis praqtikulad yvela fenaSi gabatonebuli qceviTi mode-lebi, stili ar Seesabameba realobis moTxov-nebs. realoba ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom qarTvelebi ukve aTi welia damoukidebel saxelmwifoSi cxovroben.
ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul sazogadoebaSi araviTari cvlileba ar momxdara. empiriuli gamoklvlevebi aCveneben, rom wlidan wlamde mcirdeba fatalizmis done, izrdeba sakuTari Zalebis rwmena. es – fsiqologiis doneze. meores mxriv arasamTavrobo seqtoris gaCena, arasrulyofili, magram mainc demokratiul yaidaze agebuli institutebi, met-naklebad Tavisufali mas-media, Tundac Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi kerZo sakuTreba da sabazro ekonomika garkveul pozitiur rols mainc TamaSoben, da es imedis momcemia. magram zogadad batonoben Zveli Rirebulebebi da stereotipebi; ukve xsenebuli, sivrciTi da droiTi horizontis siviwrove gansazRvravs moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis deficits sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi. sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebi ZiriTadad sityvaze srul-deba. amis ilustracias warmoadgens is garemoeba, rom damoukideblobis wlebSi ar ganicada raime SesamCnevi cvlileba qarTuli kulturis erT-erTma bazurma ritualma – sufram.
rogorc daasabuTa l. bregaZem, qarTuli sufra dRevandeli saxiT (sadRegrZelo-ebis met-naklebad reglamentirebuli rigiT, Tamadis institutiT) Camoyalibda sadRac 19-e saukunis 30-ian wlebisaTvis. am ritualis Camoyalibeba agreTve kulturis pasuxi iyo3 ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlaze. Tu adre, musliman dampyroblebTan mimarTebaSi, erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SemanarCunebeli Rirebulebis rolSi (iden-tifikatorad) religia gamodioda, am SemTx-vevaSi igi amgvar funqcias veRar Seasrulebda. kulturam ‘igrZno~ TviTmyofadobis dakar-gvis saSiSroeba da Sesabamisi pasuxi gasca – SeimuSavda sufris rituali, romlis msvlelobisas yovelma ‘namdvilma qarTvelma~ sadRegrZeloebis reglamentirebuli rigis warmoTqmiT unda Tayvani sces erovnuli Rirebulebebis “dakonservebul~ sistemas (Cveni jgufi, ojaxi, samSoblo, winaprebi da a.S.). sxva sityvebiT, erovnuli Rirebu-lebebis sistemisadmi sityvierad gamoxatuli loialoba Caenacvla socialur qmedebas. Tu in-jgufebis wevrobidan gamomdinare valdebulebebi realurad sruldeboda da sruldeba, ufro farTomasStabiani erTobis (“Cveni patara saqarTvelo~) sakeTildReod mimarTuli aqtivoba praqtikulad mTlianad Semoifargleboda da Semoifargleba Sesaba-misi sadRegrZeloebis gamudmebuli ritualuri gameorebiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufris ritualma Tavisi funqcia, ase Tu ise, Seasrula. erovnuli TviTmyofadoba da TviTcnobiereba SenarCunda. dRes, damoukidebeli saxelmwi-fos statusiT arsebobis pirobebSi, TiTqos sufris rituali unda nel-nela daviwyebas micemoda rogorc funqciadakarguli, magram ase ar moxda; sufra rCeba yvelaze sasurvel socialur aqciad, rac imis maniSnebelia, rom kulturis masStabiT orientaciis Secvla sityvidan saqmisaken ar SeimCneva.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis struqtura da gavrcelebuli qceviTi stereotipebi uzrunvelyofen sasicocxlo problemebis mogvarebas ‘soflis~ doneze. unda aRiniSnos, qarTuli kulturis zogierTi Tvisebis efeqti scil-deba ‘soflis~ farglebs da ufro farTo socialur jgufebs moicavs. magaliTad, urTierTobaze orientacia da aqedan gamom-dinare urTierTobis normebis arsebobam gansazRvra is, rom 1992-94 wlebSi, anarqiisa da kriminalis aRzevebis periodSi, saqarTve-loSi ar damyarebula rusuli sityva
“áåñ-ïðåäåë”-iT aRniSnuli situacia, reketma ar miiRo farTo masStabebi (Tu ar CavTvliT saxelmwifosa da moxeleebis rekets), xolo daqiravebuli mkvleli, qileri, ar iqca socialurad aRiarebul ‘profesiad~, rogorc es, magaliTad, ruseTSi moxda.
miuxedavad amisa, erovnuli saxel-mwifos SenarCunebisa da marTvisaTvis aucilebeli unar-Cvevebisa da qceviTi modelebis deficiti, anu adaptaciuri krizisis arseboba, sruliad cxadia. momavali gviCvenebs aqvs Tu ara qarTul kulturas rogorc rTul sistemas axali pirobebisadmi adeqvaturi pasuxebis gamomuSavebis potenciali.
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